In the twentieth century, Soviet zoologist Nikolai Vereshchagin embarked on an ambitious mission to revive the long-extinct Caucasian animal scene, leaving a mark that is still evident in Azerbaijan today. Through a series of archaeological discoveries and exciting experiments, Vereshchagin sought to reshape the ecosystems of the region, leading to the introduction of new non-native species. These initiatives were not just scientific research; they were experiments that would leave negative impacts on biodiversity in the Caucasus. In this article, we explore that strange experience of one man and how it has affected the environment in Azerbaijan, along with what lessons we can draw from his story regarding the introduction of exotic species and their management in our current times.
The History of Nikolai’s Project in Caucasian Ecosystems
Russian zoologist Nikolai Vereshchagin played a significant role in documenting the history of ecosystems in the Caucasus during the mid-twentieth century. He embarked on an ambitious mission to gather information about the extinct animals of this region. Vereshchagin used his discoveries to present a comprehensive narrative spanning 11,000 years, tracing the environmental changes that occurred as a result of climate change and haphazard human activity. In his book “Mammals of the Caucasus,” he created an intersection between ancient archaeological data and modern hunting stories, contributing to a new understanding of the Caucasian environment and the impacts of humans on this environment.
The Impact of Introducing Non-Native Species
Vereshchagin’s goal went beyond merely documenting history; he also sought to reshape ecosystems by introducing non-native animals to the region. In Azerbaijan, several species of mammals were introduced, but the most impactful was the nutria, which was introduced for its fur in the clothing industry. Vereshchagin and his team did not realize the environmental consequences of this process, and as a result, the attempt to refill these ecosystems led to catastrophic changes. The nutria, now considered one of the worst invasive species in the world, has spread to almost all wet areas in Azerbaijan, affecting local biodiversity.
Research and Environmental Dimensions of the Nutria
The nutria has been a major focus of interest for researchers over the years, especially given the efforts of some studies aimed at measuring its impact on the environment. Zulfu Farajli, an environmental researcher, has led campaigns to raise awareness about the problems caused by the introduction of non-native species. Farajli aims to urge the scientific community to study the spread of the nutria and assess the damage it may cause to those ecosystems. Many experts question the number of nutria in Azerbaijan and the real impact it has had on wetland environments.
The History of the Nutria as an Invasive Species and Its Transcontinental Impact
The history of the nutria extends beyond Azerbaijan, as it has spread across many continents, reaching unintended places due to fur farming. The nutria began appearing as a farmed species in fur farms in modern times and soon discovered its ability to adapt to new environments. Human experiments with the nutria have varied, including its consumption as food in some countries during certain periods, but its ubiquitous spread has been a major factor in the threats facing biodiversity in several regions.
Monitoring the Effects of Public Policies on Biodiversity
During the Soviet Union period, policies were reinforced that encouraged nutria numbers to thrive in natural environments, as these species were considered undesirable. For example, there was a substantial financial reward for killing wolves, which contributed to the uncontrolled increase of nutria populations. These processes are part of a long history of environmental experiments, where ecological balances were ignored under the guise of improving agricultural productivity or meeting market needs.
Lessons
Lessons Learned from the Caucasian Experience
The experience of introducing the coir to the Caucasus reflects important lessons regarding the effects of non-native species on new environments. There is an increasing urgency for in-depth research into environmental practices and sustainable management of species. Additionally, the experiences of Verishagin serve as a warning to understand ecological balance and caution against the potential consequences of any human intervention in natural ecosystems.
History of the Arrival of Coir in Azerbaijan
The coir is considered a native species of South America, but its arrival in Azerbaijan was the result of human intervention in the natural balance. This species was introduced to the region in the 1920s, marking the beginning of an environmental crisis in the local ecosystem. Although the aim of its introduction was to enhance biological diversity in the area, the outcomes were the opposite. These animals thrived and spread rapidly, disrupting the ecological balance in Azerbaijan. According to research, the initial number of coir introduced was 213 individuals, and since then, their population has multiplied to reach thousands at present time.
This growth statistic indicates the coir’s ability to adapt and thrive in new environments, raising concerns among environmental experts. In a short period, these animals established a strong presence in various regions, including Armenia and Georgia. The ecological impact of the coir extends to wetland areas and fragile ecosystems in Azerbaijan, making it imperative to understand how to manage and curb their spread.
Impact of Coir on Biodiversity
The coir is one of the invasive species that significantly affect biodiversity. Areas witnessing the spread of coir, such as the Gizilagach Reserve on the Caspian Sea coast, face major threats. This reserve is a critical point for millions of migratory birds, including endangered species. The coir is known to negatively impact nesting, leading to a decline in bird populations in these areas.
Experiments conducted in other regions, especially in Italy, have shown that the coir destroys natural habitats by sitting heavily on nests and breaking eggs. Similarly, observers during birdwatching trips in Azerbaijan note the presence of coir in the same habitats occupied by waterfowl. These dynamics underscore the need for further research to understand the relationship between the coir and local wildlife and how to manage this species effectively.
Strategies for Managing Coir
Achieving complete eradication of the coir is challenging due to complex environmental conditions and the logistical difficulties arising from organizing campaigns. For example, the United Kingdom successfully reduced coir populations through systematic purging campaigns in the 1970s and 1980s, but this strategy may not be feasible or effective in other areas where the numbers are too high and resources are limited.
Instead of eradication, several countries, including some U.S. states, are relying on control strategies to limit the coir’s harmful effects. For instance, Louisiana offers financial rewards for the surrender of coir tails, which helps mitigate ecological damage. In Azerbaijan, there is a proposal to reinstate a reward system to combat invasive species, where hunters are exempted from fees associated with coir hunting.
However, this approach comes with risks, as increased rewards often encourage hunting indiscriminately rather than effective control efforts. Therefore, it is essential that strategies adopt a long-term approach not only to remove coir but to manage their populations after any decline. In the short term, wildlife managers may need to rebuild awareness among local communities regarding the impact of coir and the importance of preserving local ecosystems.
Awareness
Changing Local Behavior
One of the main obstacles in addressing the spread of the swamp beaver in Azerbaijan is the lack of public awareness regarding the risks of its presence. Most locals are unaware of the negative environmental impact these animals have on the ecosystem, so it is crucial to change this behavior. Awareness campaigns are needed to convey information about how the swamp beaver affects local wildlife, including threatened migratory birds.
Local communities such as herders and fishermen need to realize that by allowing the spread of the swamp beaver, they are undermining the biodiversity they rely on. Education is key here, as local educational programs can teach people about the negative effects of introducing non-native species and how participating in natural resource management can be beneficial.
Moreover, the government must take effective steps to enforce laws and regulations aimed at protecting local species and biodiversity. Continuous communication with the local community is an essential part of the success of any management strategy. Furthermore, we must remember that we are part of the ecosystem and that any human intervention should be well-considered to prevent harm and preserve the ecosystems that living organisms depend on.
Source link: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20241111-azerbaijans-failed-soviet-scheme-fuelled-an-invasive-swamp-beaver-problem
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