In the twentieth century, Soviet zoologist Nikolai Vereshchagin embarked on an ambitious mission to revive the scene of long-extinct Caucasian animals, leaving a mark that is still evident in Azerbaijan today. Through a series of archaeological discoveries and exciting experiments, Vereshchagin aimed to reshape the region’s ecosystems, leading to the introduction of new non-native species. These initiatives were not merely scientific research, but experiments that would have negative impacts on biodiversity in the Caucasus. In this article, we explore that strange experience of one man and how it affected the environment in Azerbaijan, as well as what we can learn from his story regarding the introduction of exotic species and how to manage them in our current times.
The History of the Nikolai Project in the Caucasian Ecosystems
The Russian zoologist Nikolai Vereshchagin played a significant role in documenting the history of the ecosystems in the Caucasus during the mid-twentieth century, as he embarked on an ambitious mission to gather information about the extinct animals of the region. Vereshchagin utilized his discoveries to provide a comprehensive narrative that spans 11,000 years, tracing the environmental changes that occurred as a result of climate change and random human activity. In his book “Mammals of the Caucasus,” he created a correlation between ancient archaeological data and modern hunting stories, contributing to a new understanding of the Caucasian environment and the impacts of humans on this environment.
The Impact of Introducing Non-Native Species
Vereshchagin’s objectives went beyond merely documenting history; he also sought to reshape ecosystems by introducing non-native animals to the region. In Azerbaijan, several species of mammals were introduced, but the most influential was the coypu, which was introduced for the purpose of exploiting its fur for clothing. Vereshchagin and his team did not foresee the environmental consequences of this process, resulting in an attempt to refill these ecosystems that led to catastrophic changes. The coypu, currently considered one of the worst invasive species in the world, spread across almost all the wetlands in Azerbaijan, affecting local biodiversity.
Dimensions of Scientific and Environmental Research on the Coypu
The coypu has been a major focus of interest for researchers over the years, especially given some efforts aimed at measuring its impact on the environment. Zulfu Farajli, an environmental researcher, has led campaigns to raise awareness about the problems caused by the introduction of non-native species. Farajli aims to urge the scientific community to study the spread of the coypu and assess the damage it may be causing to those ecosystems. Many experts are questioning the numbers of coypu in Azerbaijan and the real impact they have had on wetland environments.
The History of the Coypu as an Invasive Species and Its Transcontinental Impact
The history of the coypu extends beyond Azerbaijan, as it has spread across several continents, reaching unintended places due to fur farming. The coypu began to appear as a farmed species in fur farms during the modern era and was soon discovered to have a remarkable ability to adapt to new environments. Human experiments with the coypu have varied, including its consumption as food in some countries during certain periods; however, its widespread domestic introduction has been a major reason for the threats facing biodiversity in several areas.
Monitoring the Effects of Public Policies on Biodiversity
During the Soviet Union period, policies were promoted that encouraged the numbers of coypu to infiltrate natural environments, as these species were considered undesirable. For example, there was a substantial financial reward for anyone who killed wolves, contributing to an uncontrolled increase in the coypu population. These practices are part of a long history of environmental experiments, where ecological balances were disregarded under the pretense of improving agricultural productivity or meeting market needs.
Lessons
Lessons Learned from the Caucasian Experience
The experience of introducing the coypu to the Caucasus reflects important lessons about the effects of non-native species on new environments. There is an increasing urgency to conduct in-depth research on environmental practices and how to manage species sustainably. Additionally, Vereshchagin’s experiences serve as a warning to understand ecological balance and caution against the potential consequences of human intervention in natural ecosystems.
History of the Coypu’s Arrival in Azerbaijan
The coypu is considered a native species of South America, but its arrival in Azerbaijan was due to human intervention in natural habitats. This species was introduced to the region in the 1920s, marking the beginning of an environmental crisis in the local ecosystem. Although the goal of their introduction was to increase the region’s biodiversity, the results were the opposite. These animals thrived and spread quickly, disrupting the ecological balance in Azerbaijan. According to research, the initial number of coypus introduced was 213, and since then, their population has multiplied into the thousands by the present time.
These growth statistics indicate the coypu’s ability to adapt and grow in new environments, raising concerns among environmental experts. In a short period, these animals established a strong presence in various regions, including Armenia and Georgia. The coypu’s habitat extends to the wetlands and fragile ecosystems of Azerbaijan, making it vital to understand how to manage and control its spread.
The Impact of Coypu on Biodiversity
The coypu is an invasive species that significantly affects biodiversity. Areas experiencing a spread of coypu, such as the Gizilagh Nature Reserve on the Caspian Sea coast, face considerable threats. This reserve is a vital point for millions of migratory birds, including endangered species. It is known that coypus negatively impact nests, leading to declines in bird populations in these areas.
Experiments conducted in other regions, especially in Italy, have shown that the coypu destroys natural habitats by heavily sitting on nests and breaking eggs. Similarly, visitors during bird-watching trips in Azerbaijan notice the presence of the coypu in the same habitats occupied by waterfowl. These dynamics indicate the need for further research to understand the relationship between the coypu and local wildlife and how to manage this species effectively.
Coypu Management Strategies
Eradicating the coypu entirely is challenging due to the complexities of environmental conditions and logistical challenges arising from organizing campaigns. For example, the UK successfully reduced coypu populations through systematic culling campaigns in the 1970s and 1980s, but this strategy may not be feasible or effective in other places where the numbers are too high and resources are lacking.
Instead of eradication, several countries, including some U.S. states, rely on control strategies to limit coypu’s harmful impacts. For instance, Louisiana offers monetary rewards for coypu tails, which helps reduce the damage to ecosystems. In Azerbaijan, there is a proposal to reinstate a reward system to tackle invasive species, where hunters would be exempt from fees associated with hunting coypu.
However, this approach comes with risks, as increased rewards often encourage indiscriminate hunting of non-target species rather than actual management efforts. Therefore, it is essential for strategies to adopt a long-term approach not only to remove coypu but also to manage their populations after a decline. In the short term, wildlife managers may need to rebuild awareness among local communities about the impact of coypu and the importance of conserving local ecosystems.
Awareness
Changing Local Behavior
One of the main obstacles in addressing the spread of the coypu in Azerbaijan is the lack of public awareness about the dangers it poses. Most locals are unaware of the negative environmental impact these animals have on the ecosystem, so it is crucial to change this behavior. Awareness campaigns are needed to convey information on how coypu affect local wildlife, including threatened migratory birds.
Local communities, such as shepherds and fishermen, need to realize that by allowing the spread of coypu, they are undermining the biodiversity they depend on. Education is key here, as local educational programs can teach people about the negative effects of introducing invasive species and how participating in natural resource management can be beneficial.
Furthermore, the government must take effective steps to promote laws and regulations aimed at protecting local species and biodiversity. Ongoing communication with the local community is an essential part of the success of any management strategy. Moreover, we must remember that we are part of the ecosystem and that any human intervention must be carefully considered to prevent harm and preserve the ecosystems on which living beings depend.
Source link: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20241111-azerbaijans-failed-soviet-scheme-fuelled-an-invasive-swamp-beaver-problem
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