In the era of scientific innovation and technological advancement, the importance of using modern technologies in medical education and training emerges. Neurosurgery is considered one of the most complex medical specialties, requiring high precision and intensive practical experience to master surgical skills. This article aims to explore the development of a low-cost 3D simulation model to enhance the training efficiency of neurosurgery residents, particularly in endoscopic surgical procedures. Throughout the article, we will discuss the details of the design and creation of the model, as well as its effectiveness evaluated through hands-on experiences conducted by the residents, contributing to the enhancement of their skills and building their confidence in using surgical instruments. We will also highlight the significance of these educational tools in meeting contemporary medical training needs and stimulating innovation in traditional surgical education methods.
Development of a 3D Simulator for Training in Neurosurgery Techniques
Neurosurgery is considered one of the most complex and challenging medical specialties, requiring a high level of precision and skill. To meet these demands, a low-cost 3D simulator was designed to improve the ability of neurosurgery residents to handle endoscopes during delicate surgical procedures such as removing tumors from the second ventricle or accessing the third ventricle using the endoscopic method. The development process of the simulator involved using advanced techniques such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT), where data from MRI scans and CT imaging were combined to create a realistic 3D model. The model was designed to represent the real challenges that surgeons face during operations, contributing to building their skills and enhancing their confidence in using surgical equipment. This simulator provides a unique opportunity for residents to practice in a safe environment before participating in real surgeries, increasing patient safety and security.
Results of the Evaluation of the 3D Simulator
Results from a study involving 12 neurosurgery residents demonstrated that the simulator was very effective in improving both anatomical understanding and procedural skills. Participants expressed strong agreement on the effectiveness of the simulator in enhancing their skill in navigating within the ventricle. For instance, participants conveyed positive feelings about using the endoscope, which was evaluated realistically. They also showed significant improvement in task execution efficiency, with a large percentage of them feeling an increase in confidence when using their surgical tools after training on the simulator. This indicates that using such simulators can significantly enhance the level of competence and practical knowledge in neurosurgery, thereby improving the overall performance of future surgeons.
Current Challenges in Neurosurgery Training
Training in the field of neurosurgery faces numerous challenges, including time restrictions for residency and reduced opportunities for exposure to complex surgical procedures. There is an urgent need to improve training methods to meet these challenges. The use of computational technologies and 3D simulations represents an attractive alternative to traditional methods for neurosurgery training. Surgical training typically requires high levels of scientific supervision and real-time attendance at surgeries to achieve maximum benefit; residents suffer from a lack of these opportunities due to work constraints. These simulation systems provide the alternative that young surgeons need to develop their skills safely and effectively.
The Future and New Trends in Neurosurgery Training
As technology advances, the training of neurosurgery is moving towards utilizing more innovations such as advanced simulators and virtual reality. These tools provide a safe training environment and help improve the acquisition of specific skills. Additionally, digital educational tools can contribute to enhancing training by providing realistic and logical scenarios to handle potential crises during surgeries. These developments are expected to enhance the efficiency of neurosurgery, thereby improving patient outcomes and safety. The goal of these innovations is to shape a new generation of well-trained surgeons who can navigate complex challenges with precision and confidence.
Reintegration
Tumor Resection Inside the Ventricle Using 3D Modeling Technique
Surgical procedures to treat tumors inside the ventricle are precise and complex operations that require exceptional skills from surgeons. In this context, the 3D modeling technique has emerged as an effective tool that helps improve the skills of novice surgeons by providing a realistic simulation. In this study, the endoscopic neurosurgical pen from Söring GmbH was used, which allows surgeons to train on tumor resections with precision. The procedure takes place under the supervision of an experienced neurosurgeon, ensuring individual education and assessment for the trainees. The procedure involves all trainees following the same surgical steps on the same model, enhancing the educational experience.
Although actual surgery requires deep medical knowledge, 3D models make real modeling accessible to everyone, enhancing the accuracy of surgical understanding and anatomical orientation. Participants in the experiment were surveyed about the effectiveness of the 3D model and their abilities in handling surgical instruments. Participants gave varying evaluations on a Likert scale, demonstrating the impact of this model on improving efficiency.
Literature Review and Importance of 3D Models in Neurosurgery
The literature review is a vital pathway to understand how 3D models have influenced training in the field of neurosurgery. Studies related to neurosurgical procedures and educational techniques were searched in databases such as PubMed and Embase. Studies that included the use of the 3D model were included, while those that did not follow this approach were excluded. This practical research showed that 3D models are not just trendy but play a vital role in training neurosurgeons, significantly contributing to improving their skills and confidence in actual performance. The studies that were included reported positive feedback on the use of 3D models, with 70% of participants expressing support for improving efficiency when training on endoscopic tumor removal techniques.
Studies also discussed the low costs and ethical issues related to using 3D models compared to human specimens. These models represent an innovative solution to overcome the limitations imposed on traditional neurosurgery training, where the challenge lies in the availability of human materials related to training and ethical issues. This review confirms the effectiveness of using 3D models as an accessible and easy-to-use training tool for neurosurgery.
Statistical Analysis and Experimental Evaluation
A comprehensive statistical analysis was conducted to summarize the participants’ results. The analysis was performed following different applications of statistical tools that provided reliable data on the model’s effectiveness and participant evaluations. The various results concerning the participating individuals measure their readiness and benefit from the model, considering the strengths and weaknesses in the training experience. Many participants, despite their varying previous experiences, showed significant support for the model, as the adjusted results confirmed that the model helped develop their skills in handling instruments effectively.
The results showed that the satisfaction rate among participants regarding the model was high, with responses being mostly positive. Evaluations of the endoscopic motion and the nature of the procedures were particularly significant. This evaluation allowed for the collection of data based on actual observations and practices during training, reflecting the use, development, and application of models in an effective educational environment.
Lessons Learned and the Future
The findings from this study indicate a growing need for the development of more integrated and adaptable medical models. Given the low cost of printing and the model’s flexibility, the use of 3D technology represents a significant step towards enhancing the education of neurosurgeons. It is clear that current models provide a platform for training surgeons on the skills necessary to perform precise operations and have the potential to transform methods of teaching and training in this field. The possibility of repetition and the use of adaptable materials offer new candidates the opportunity to acquire skills to face complex challenges they may encounter in the future.
Witnessed
medical technology has seen remarkable advancements, and there is potential to explore new methods to enable advanced neuroeducation through the use of various models. The new trend in research and development may open up new horizons in surgical training, allowing participants to enhance their skills and readiness to face real-world and challenging scenarios in the field of neurosurgery.
3D Modeling Technology in Medical Education
3D modeling technology is one of the remarkable innovations that have revolutionized the field of medical education, especially in specialties such as neurosurgery. Studies have shown that these models make it easier for trainees to understand the anatomical structure of the human body and various surgical procedures. For example, trainee surgeons can repeatedly perform multi-step procedures on 3D models without worrying about patient safety. This enables them to shorten the learning period as they can practice skills in a completely safe environment.
Virtual reality systems and anatomically printed models using 3D technology offer many benefits such as ease of use, reusability, and low cost. Although the initial cost of many of these models may be high, the ability to reuse them indefinitely makes them more cost-effective in the long run. One example of this type of model is the simulation model for endoscopy, which allows trainees to improve their scope handling and coordination skills.
The surgical educational tool printed with 3D technology is another example of how this technology enhances understanding of surgical procedures. Studies indicate that trainees who used 3D models scored better on examinations compared to those who relied on 2D or 3D images. This highlights the knowledge gap between traditional learning methods and 3D modeling.
Challenges and Advantages in Using Simulation Devices
Simulation devices, whether based on virtual reality technology or printed 3D models, have advantages and disadvantages. One of the main drawbacks of virtual reality-based simulators is the lack of realistic touch compared to synthetic models. Instructors do not use actual tools during simulations, which may deprive trainees of the experience of handling surgical instruments in a realistic context.
On the other hand, synthetic simulators are preferred as they provide a training environment closer to reality, allowing trainees to acquire skills more effectively. However, these devices require precision in design and training content, as a recent study indicated an urgent need to enhance the interventional details in these models to meet trainees’ expectations.
The knowledge and practical skill gap among trainees is one of the major issues in today’s educational environment, especially in areas with limited medical capacity. There is an urgent need for sharing experiences and knowledge among physicians and researchers to improve training programs and enhance competitiveness.
Technology Expansion in Developing Countries
Providing 3D printing technology in low and middle-income countries is an effective and sustainable strategy to expand access to neurocare. Collaborative efforts between physicians and researchers in these countries can lead to the development of modern training tools that contribute to enhancing the quality of healthcare. For example, a report by Dos Santos Rubio illustrates a surgical medical condition in the Caribbean region, highlighting the need to improve access to neurocare through the exchange of experiences and modern technology.
One of the main objectives is to empower surgeons in remote areas through global networks, enhancing their chances of receiving the necessary training to acquire essential skills such as cerebral fluid drainage and craniotomy techniques. This helps bridge the gap between regions with advanced medical infrastructure and those suffering from shortages.
It allows
These networks rapidly transfer knowledge and modern technologies to areas that lack them, thereby enhancing the development of essential skills in neurosurgery and ultimately leading to improved overall healthcare.
Using 3D Printed Models for Assessment and Feedback
The use of 3D printed models in the skill assessment and feedback process is essential for the purposes of training improvement. Although the locally developed model has successfully improved skills, certain points need enhancement, such as the internal details in the model for tumor resection quality. Developers should take trainee feedback into account to improve model accuracy and better meet educational needs.
Feedback from instructors is also an important aspect. By assessing trainee performance based on the use of different models, instructors can provide immediate alerts and corrections that enhance the learning process. Models that provide real-time assessment offer added value beyond traditional models—if effectively integrated.
This process provides an opportunity for continuous learning, as trainees can evaluate their scores based on their performance on the model and then work on improving specific aspects before transitioning to real-life effectiveness.
Training in Brain Tumor Surgery
Performing surgery on brain tumors is one of the most complex and difficult medical procedures, requiring high technical skills and comprehensive knowledge of brain anatomy. Hands-on training in performing this surgery is essential to ensure that doctors operate at the highest levels of safety and efficiency. Training in this type of surgery demands an in-depth understanding of the systems present in the brain, as well as detailed knowledge of the surgical techniques used. Reducing reliance on traditional training experiences, such as working on cadavers or animal models, is a significant challenge. Therefore, the importance of using simulation tools that provide a safe and effective learning environment has increased. Research shows that training on 3D simulators can contribute to improving surgical skills and reducing the learning curve. An example of this is the use of 3D printed models that accurately represent brain anatomy, helping novice doctors practice surgical skills without posing any risk to patients. The use of these simulators demonstrates significant effectiveness in enhancing learning and clinical experience, allowing doctors to perform a variety of complex procedures more safely and accurately.
Modern Technologies in Surgical Training
Recent years have seen notable advancements in the use of simulation technologies in surgical training. 3D printing is one of the most prominent of these technologies, allowing doctors to design accurate models of patient anatomy and arrange training procedures to meet their needs. This type of training enables doctors to familiarize themselves with the unique anatomy of each patient before surgery, thereby increasing the chances of success and reducing risks. Additionally, virtual reality technologies contribute to providing an immersive experience that allows learners to practice surgical procedures in a safe environment. For instance, 3D simulators have been developed that allow doctors to train on removing tumors from the ventricles or performing room shunts and preparing various methods to control surgical interventions. Studies affirm that the integration of 3D simulation and virtual reality shows significant improvement in doctors’ capabilities when performing complex surgeries.
Challenges and Future Directions in Surgical Education
Surgical education programs face numerous challenges, including resident work hour limitations and pressure to achieve efficiency. These challenges contribute to reduced exposure to actual surgical procedures, increasing the need for training on simulation techniques. The use of tools based on modern technologies, such as 3D printed models and virtual reality systems for teaching surgical skills, is expected to increase. Educational institutions must identify current gaps and develop their programs to be more integrated with these technologies. The interaction between academic education and practical training is a key element in developing surgical skills. This requires close collaboration between doctors and educators to ensure the formation of a new generation of skilled surgeons capable of facing future challenges. Furthermore, at the academic level, developing new research to study the effectiveness of these methods in surgical education is a vital step to understand how to improve surgical performance and avoid fatal errors during procedures.
Benefits
The Economic Benefits of Using Simulation Models in Training
3D printed models are considered an economical and effective means to improve surgical training. Many hospitals and medical schools rely on these models to enhance surgical skills among residents. These models provide a flexible training environment, as they can be easily reused and modified to suit various scenarios. This not only helps in reducing costs but also enhances access to surgical training for physicians in remote or resource-limited areas. For example, some medical centers in rural areas use 3D models to print the surgical procedures that will be performed, making it easier to review and analyze them before moving on to actual surgeries. These models evolve over time to meet the changing needs of the medical sector, reflecting the importance of innovation in the field of education and surgical training.
Assessment and Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Simulation Training Programs
Educational programs should conduct regular and comprehensive assessments of the effectiveness of the simulation models used in surgical training presentations. It is essential to measure the impact of these methods on levels of knowledge and skill among participants. Assessment strategies include reviewing feedback from learners, conducting pre-and post-training tests, and analyzing actual surgical performance after using simulation models. This data helps improve current programs and ensure that participants gain maximum benefit from the training. It is also preferable to document the experiences of those who underwent this type of parallel training, as several studies show positive outcomes in terms of increased confidence and ability in surgical procedures. Ultimately, the goal is to improve patient outcomes through the development of a more competent generation of well-trained surgeons in safe environments.
3D Printing Technology in Surgical Modeling
Discussions are ongoing about how to use 3D printing technology in medicine, particularly in neurosurgery. This technology is seen as an innovative tool that allows physicians to create accurate 3D models of patient anatomy, contributing to improved education and training strategies. 3D printers specifically designed for this purpose, such as the Bambu Lab X1-Carbon and Formlabs SLA printers, have been used to produce surgical models under various conditions. For example, a new material called Elastic 50A resin has been used to model flexible tubes that reflect the properties of human tissue to provide a high level of sensory perception during surgical training. This material enhances the trainees’ experiences and allows them to better simulate real conditions.
When using this technology, a special surgical model has been developed that includes parts of the skull and ventricles, allowing for a dignified preparation for surgery. Using ventricles made from a flexible material gives trainees the opportunity to work with surgical techniques such as endoscopic brain surgery in a safer and more realistic manner. Additionally, solid parts of the model were made using transparent materials, providing trainees with better visibility when using surgical tools such as endoscopes. These models are not only educational tools but also reflect the potential for real-world use in surgical settings, enhancing direct understanding of procedures.
Cost and Time Analysis in Surgical Visualization
Cost analysis and time management are essential elements in the development of 3D surgical models. By analyzing the cost of a printed skull model, one can understand how the choice of materials and techniques affects the price and time required to create the model. For instance, the model took approximately 24 hours to print using PLA and Clear resin, which is an acceptable time considering the educational benefits it provides. Additionally, modern printing techniques have allowed costs to drop to $67 in the case of using PLA, making it easier for hospitals and clinics to provide these training activities.
Contributes to the development of…
These models reduce the time spent on training, as trainees can perform their operations in a safe environment before facing real cases. This type of analysis also provides valuable information to organizations about the potential benefits of these models compared to traditional methods, encouraging hospitals to invest in 3D printing technology to improve training.
Evaluating Model Effectiveness through Clinical Studies
The clinical studies aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the 3D printing-based surgical model in terms of improving surgical skills. A study was conducted on a group of neurosurgery residents to investigate the impact of the model on their performance during specific operations. Questionnaires addressing various aspects of the model, including usability and practicality, were used. The results reached through these studies showed strong confirmations of the model’s effectiveness, as a large number of participants expressed that the model contributed to enhancing their understanding of surgical procedures.
The results indicate that practicing on such models enhances the confidence of novice surgeons in performing surgical operations. A high percentage of participants confirmed that the model helped them develop their basic skills in handling surgical tools. The studies also found that the ability to repeat procedures in a safe environment contributes to achieving better outcomes in training, reinforcing reliance on these models as an effective means for surgical training.
Literature Review on 3D Surgical Training Models
The literature review conducted to assess 3D surgical education and training models provided a wealth of valuable information. Databases such as PubMed and Embase were used to search for studies addressing surgical procedures carried out using 3D printed models. The results showed that most of the studies found addressed various issues with multiple insights into the effectiveness of these models.
For example, a previous study examined a model used to assist in brain surgery techniques found that it significantly contributes to improving surgical understanding among trainees. The advanced techniques used in creating these models, such as converting digital images into 3D layouts, are a key factor in the success of training. Much of the literature indicates that the high efficiency of these models in reproducing anatomical details enhances training effectiveness and contributes to reducing potential errors during actual operations.
Statistical Analysis and Interpretation of Results
Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the results of the study participants, monitoring satisfaction and performance levels when using the model. Repeatable intelligence DSP (Return on Investment rate) was used to evaluate the performance of the surgical model. The results show that all participants expressed a strong positive consensus with the model, indicating its effective use in training individuals.
The data showed that most participants expressed greater confidence in using surgical tools after training. The ability to analyze these statistical results accurately enhances the understanding of the multiple benefits of using 3D surgical models. These results not only reinforce the effectiveness of the model but also support the urgent need for continuous research and development in this field to ensure the provision of the best educational opportunities for both novice and professional surgeons alike.
Design of a 3D Endoscopy Simulator
A 3D endoscopy simulator was designed in-house and affordably, making it an ideal option for training neurosurgery students on handling endoscopes and coordination during operations. The model features a reusable standard design, which also allows for conducting various types of procedures such as tumor resections and external ventricular drainage placements. Through an evaluation based on participant questionnaires, positive feedback was obtained on the effectiveness of the simulator in developing a systematic approach to understanding surgical procedures and internal visualization.
The image
The general public simulator indicates that it is more effective than traditional educational models, which rely on human cadavers or animal samples, where costs and resources are limited and not always available. The cost of around $67 makes it the most economical model in the current literature for training internal neurological procedures. The simulator helps close the gap in medical education, especially in areas where educational cadavers are not sufficiently available.
Comparison Between the New Simulator and Traditional Models
Traditional educational models, such as human cadavers and animal samples, are characterized by many limitations and ethical considerations that make them less effective. Animal samples do not accurately represent human brains, which may affect the accuracy of training. For example, in cases requiring clear anatomical changes, such as increased ventricle size, it is difficult to find human cadavers that meet these criteria, reducing the capacity for effective training.
Additionally, cadavers require preservation materials like formaldehyde, which pose health risks. In this context, the three-dimensional simulator provides a sustainable and cost-effective solution, as the tools and digital data used to create the model can be reused, reducing production time and costs.
When comparing the new model to a previous model, multiple improvements were implemented based on feedback from participants, enhancing training effectiveness. Reports also show that three-dimensional models have proven benefits in improving understanding of anatomical materials and surgical procedures, reflecting the importance of continued development in this field.
Contemporary Educational Techniques and Innovations
Virtual reality and three-dimensional printing technologies are evolving to provide safe and user-friendly educational environments. These models offer excellent training opportunities that allow trainees to perform operations repeatedly without concerns for patient safety, enabling them to gradually acquire their skills. Some virtual reality systems include real-time feedback features, allowing performance assessment based on specific tools.
Although virtual reality systems may require an initial investment in maintenance and equipment, they offer rich and comprehensive visual learning experiences. However, three-dimensional audio models remain particularly effective in dealing with training tools and procedural content, especially in fields such as neurosurgery.
It is important to recognize that despite the many benefits associated with new training paradigms, they also face challenges. For example, the training model must be developed to be more accurate in modeling complex details such as vessels within the ventricles. Technical challenges continue to provide a comprehensive training experience, requiring ongoing research and improvement.
Future Trends and Global Possibilities
Advancements in three-dimensional printing technologies contribute to medical education, as educational institutions can now take advantage of these new educational resources. The report shows how developments in the prices of three-dimensional printers, which have become affordable, can help improve access to neurosurgery education worldwide. It is essential to encourage knowledge exchange between researchers and doctors to enhance the effectiveness of simulation-based training tools.
These developments also represent a strong response to educational needs in specific areas lacking access to surgical resources. Global networks can help improve training for surgeons in remote environments, bridging the gap between areas with different levels of medical infrastructure. The report highlights a case study in the Caribbean, demonstrating how modern technology can contribute to providing better healthcare.
By focusing on improving models and responding to input collected from participants, researchers show their readiness to explore the boundaries of educational possibilities and build more effective training tools. The future holds wide possibilities for improving access to learning and training in the field of neurosurgery.
Importance
Simulation in Surgical Education
Simulation is a key tool in medical education, significantly contributing to the development of surgical skills among students and practitioners. Many modern training programs rely on simulation to provide safe and realistic educational environments that allow trainees to practice various medical procedures without risking patient health. Simulation also offers the opportunity to practice a wide range of clinical scenarios, enabling trainees to develop their skills in making quick and appropriate decisions in complex contexts.
There are various types of simulation used in surgical education, including simulation using real models, virtual simulation, and computer-based simulation. For example, the use of 3D printing to create custom surgical models is an advanced technology that allows learners to interact with real models resembling their actual clinics. Research has shown that education through simulation contributes to improving surgical efficiency and reducing medical errors in real work environments.
Advanced Surgical Training Tools
Surgical training techniques are constantly evolving, with the development of advanced tools based on innovation and modern technology. Among these tools is the 3D printed tool, which enables surgeons to practice complex procedures in simulated environments. These tools are not only useful in training but also assist in pre-planning surgical procedures, making it easier for doctors to determine the optimal strategies for each case.
The 3D surgical training model is considered one of the most important innovations, as it can accurately simulate the structure of the brain and other organs. This enables surgeons to improve their technical skills, test new techniques, and interact with complex terrains such as tumors or congenital deformities. Moreover, using tools like robotic surgeries enhances the ability to control and precision during surgical procedures, thereby improving patient outcomes.
Challenges of Simulation and Surgical Learning
Despite the numerous benefits of simulation in surgical education, it faces several challenges. First, it is essential to ensure that the simulation is realistic enough to reflect the real challenges that surgeons encounter in practice, as unrealistic simulations may lead to ineffective educational environments. Second, simulation requires significant financial investments in technologies and tools, which may pose a barrier for some educational institutions.
Furthermore, the teaching techniques vary among trainees, necessitating the customization of training to meet individual needs. Some trainees may find it challenging to retain theoretical knowledge through simulation alone, requiring the integration of simulation with traditional education to provide a comprehensive learning experience. For instance, combining simulation with hands-on training can achieve better results in shaping surgical skills and mental capabilities for students.
Impact of Simulation on Patient Outcomes
Studies show that using simulation in surgical education can lead to improved clinical outcomes for patients. When surgeons can train on new techniques in simulated environments, they gain more confidence and capability to face challenges during actual surgical operations. Consequently, the rate of medical errors decreases, and success rates increase in the future. Research found that surgeons who undergo intensive training through simulation demonstrate better performance compared to those who receive only traditional education.
For example, in fields such as neurosurgery and cardiac surgery, where complexity and pressure are higher, simulation can enhance skills in planning and coordination among them, thus improving outcomes. Surgeons also track the use of simulation to assess skills before surgeries to increase confidence and efficiency, which positively impacts patient safety and improves their overall experience.
Source link: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/surgery/articles/10.3389/fsurg.2024.1446067/full
Artificial intelligence has been used ezycontent
Leave a Reply