In the midst of the discussion about issues of terrorism and extremism, a clear question arises about the local contexts that create a fertile environment for the growth of extremist groups. In this intriguing dialogue, the speakers address how the narratives of these groups are shaped, where the messages are not uniform but are modified to suit different cultures and languages, as evident from ISIS publications in multiple languages. The program “Fanjan” hosts Dr. Abdullah bin Khalid Al Saud, an assistant professor and prominent researcher in the field of extremism, to discuss several important topics related to the processes of joining terrorist groups, the reasons for the spread of violence, in addition to the risks and challenges faced by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and GCC countries in this context. The dialogue highlights complex questions about the motivating factors of extremism, whether at the individual or group level, and how understanding local contexts is key to understanding these phenomena. The program also discusses the mechanisms through which extremist groups shape their identities and how virtual spaces contribute to accelerating the pace of recruitment and radicalization. Through a deep analysis, the social and political factors affecting youth and their orientations are highlighted, reflecting a comprehensive picture of the current manifestation of extremism and how to confront it.
Understanding Terrorism and Extremism: Local Contexts
Studying terrorism and extremism requires us to deal with local contexts that create a fertile environment for the growth of these phenomena. Extremist groups like ISIS do not rely on a unified discourse, but rather build their narratives according to the local contexts of each country. For instance, we find that ISIS has several publications in different languages – Russian, German, English, and Arabic – and each publication contains content that aligns with the cultural and social conditions of these languages. This diversity in discourse reflects the ability of these groups to adapt to their surrounding environment, making it essential to understand those contexts when attempting to address issues of terrorism and extremism.
Historically, we can see how local contexts have played an important role in shaping extremist groups. For example, in the 1970s and 1980s, there were groups claiming to represent Islam, but at that time, leftist and anarchist movements were also adopting violence as a means of change. Hence, understanding history, the structure of society, and local politics contributes to grasping the reasons for extremism. Studying how extremist groups exploit local conditions, whether economic, social, or political, can help us develop effective strategies for combating terrorism.
Roots of Extremism: From History to Contemporary Reality
The roots of extremism are an essential element in understanding how extremist groups originated and how their ideas evolved over time. The 1970s can be considered a turning point in understanding terrorism, as that period witnessed events such as the hostage-taking during the Munich Olympics, which marked a new path for terrorism. The conflict was transformed from its traditional local scope into a transnational dimension, contributing to the emergence of new concepts of terrorism.
By reflecting on the history of extremist groups, we find that radical Islamic movements have drawn on thinkers like Sayyid Qutb, who proposed concepts such as governance and ignorance. Consequently, other movements emerged, such as the Jihad Group founded by Mohammed Abdullah Al-Faraj, which took takfiri thought to more extreme levels. Understanding these historical ideas helps explain how the beliefs of current terrorist groups were formed and how extremist ideas may evolve in the future.
Although local contexts play an important role, it is also essential to recognize how global events such as the American invasion of Iraq and the Arab revolutions influence the shaping of extremism environments. The varying levels of conflict and violence, whether in the Middle East or elsewhere, are linked to local and international conditions affecting how groups are formed and evolve. Therefore, it is important to refer back to historical roots to understand the contemporary reality we live in.
Belonging
For Terrorist Groups: Motivations and Driving Factors
Understanding how individuals affiliate with terrorist groups requires a comprehensive study of their motivations and driving factors. Although education and poverty are not considered definitive factors, other elements play a role in pushing individuals towards extremism. Feelings of deprivation, injustice, and social inequality are often fundamental factors leading to radicalization.
Experiences of individuals in marginalized communities, or those suffering from violence, can create a fertile environment for adopting extremist ideas. Joining terrorist groups is often the result of personal experiences with pain and injustice, where these groups provide answers and solutions to those crises. Terrorist organizations offer their members a sense of identity and belonging, making them feel part of something larger than themselves.
Furthermore, social relationships play an important role in this affiliation process. When one has a friend or family member belonging to a particular group, it becomes easier for others to join that group. Thus, personal relationships and social networks are powerful tools that contribute to the spread of extremist ideas.
The Impact of Social Media: From Cyberspace to Reality
Social media has changed the way extremist ideas are disseminated and individuals are gathered around them. Virtual spaces like Twitter, Facebook, and Telegram have become primary places for terrorist groups to spread their narratives and promote their ideas. Through these means, groups are able to reach a global audience and recruit individuals from diverse backgrounds faster and easier than ever before.
Modern technology provides terrorist groups with effective tools for communication and coordination. Initially, groups used platforms like Facebook and Twitter, but after those platforms’ attempts to limit terrorist activities, the groups moved to safer platforms like Telegram, where they can communicate more freely without oversight. This transition reflects how terrorist groups can adapt to the new digital environment and exploit it for their benefit.
The impact of social media is not limited to recruitment; it extends to shaping public opinion and changing individuals’ perceptions of violence and terrorism. Thus, it’s essential to understand how these tools can be used positively to counter extremism by promoting counter-narratives and disseminating accurate information about the effects of radicalization and violence.
Counter-Terrorism Strategies: From Theory to Practice
Countering terrorism requires multifaceted efforts that encompass work at both local and international levels. Addressing the roots of extremism necessitates strategies based on a deep understanding of local contexts, in addition to enhancing education and creating job opportunities for marginalized individuals. By reducing economic and social gaps, the appeal of extremist ideas can be diminished.
At the international level, countries must collaborate to face these challenges. Intelligence-sharing and enhancing coordination between security agencies are fundamental elements in combating terrorism. Understanding how groups operate and the relationship individuals have with them contributes to developing more effective strategies to combat extremism.
It is also important to consider the role of civil society in combating terrorism. Community initiatives that promote dialogue, cultural exchange, and build trust among different communities can play a crucial role in restoring social identity and promoting positive values. Hence, involving local communities in the efforts to combat terrorism can help create a safer environment for everyone.
The Impact of the Arab Spring on Saudi Youth
The events of the Arab Spring began in 2011, affecting many regions of the Arab world including Saudi Arabia. Many young Saudis at that time were unaware of the events that occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The birth of these events, and the hesitance regarding the names that were mentioned during that period, led to a reconsideration of emigration abroad. There was a widespread feeling of chaos and instability that affected their psyche. Notably, some figures, such as Sheikh Farraj, faced harsh penalties for their views, leading to protests and gatherings around the courts. This situation reflects how political events impact youth and their orientations in life, especially within a specific social and geographical context.
Numbers
Immigration Categories from Saudi Arabia
Immigration from Saudi Arabia abroad, especially to conflict areas, has been a prevalent topic among young people in the years following 2011. Statistics indicate that around 3,000 Saudis emigrated during the period from 2011 to 2016, with this number rising to 1,500 in 2013. However, the numbers significantly declined in the following years, particularly after the decline of ISIS. The initial success that ISIS achieved attracted many young people to join them, but as the organization weakened, the number of immigrants also decreased significantly. These phenomena represent the influence of political and security conditions on young people’s immigration decisions and how changes in the global landscape can alter their priorities.
ISIS Strategies and Their Impact on Migration
ISIS’s success in controlling territories in Syria and Iraq significantly contributed to attracting Saudi youth to join its ranks. The organization had the ability to recruit thanks to its promises of establishing a caliphate. However, as the organization declined and lost control of territories, the number of recruits also fell. When the organization lost control of the borders, it became difficult for those wishing to join it to reach conflict areas. This dynamic reflects how the course of events changes based on the strength or weakness of terrorist groups and how these changes affect youth choices.
Security Challenges in the Region and Their Impact on Stability
The Arab region faces numerous security challenges due to ongoing conflicts in countries such as Syria, Iraq, and Libya. These conflicts have led to the emergence of fragile and failed states, which have impacted regional security. Conversely, Gulf countries, like Saudi Arabia, have managed to maintain their stability, but this has come with new responsibilities, as they need to address Iranian expansion and Turkey’s attempts to extend its influence. These conditions make regional security a vital issue, as any instability in neighboring countries can directly affect Gulf states. This relationship between security stability and foreign policies requires strategic thinking from countries to safeguard their interests and security.
The Role of Iran and Turkey in the Region
Iran and Turkey are considered key players in the Middle East, with both countries attempting to expand their influence at the expense of others. Iran seeks to support political groups and militias in fragile states like Iraq, Lebanon, and Yemen. Meanwhile, Turkey is strengthening its role as a regional power by intervening in conflict areas such as Syria and Libya. These dynamics complicate the situation in the region and make political and security balances a matter of great importance. These international interventions directly impact stability in the region and exacerbate humanitarian and political crises.
Ideology and Its Impact on Extremism
Ideology is one of the main factors driving extremist groups. However, the discussion about the role of religion in extremism is complex. Often, ideologies are cloaked with genuine grievances that individuals suffer from, making them more susceptible to extremism. This discussion shows how terrorist groups can use religion as a cover for political goals. This dynamic illustrates how social and political grievances lead to the radicalization of individuals, while ideologies come later to justify their actions. This perspective reflects a deeper understanding of the roots of extremism and how to address it.
Normalization with Israel: Analysis and Arab Trends
Normalization with Israel is a sensitive issue in the Arab world, sparking many divergent opinions. Some believe that normalization can be a step towards achieving peace and stability, provided there is a clear reciprocal benefit. Meanwhile, others consider that normalization without achieving Palestinian rights is a concession on fundamental issues. In this context, one must consider how to balance Arab national interests with the Palestinian stance, as well as the repercussions of normalization on regional relations. This topic highlights the need for open dialogue and comprehensive discussion about the future of Arab-Israeli relations.
Research
Scientific Research in Saudi Arabia: Challenges and Opportunities
Research centers in Saudi Arabia face a number of challenges that hinder the development of research in various fields, including the field of extremism. While there are existing research centers, financial support and awareness of the importance of scientific research still need improvement. There needs to be greater investment in scientific research and the strengthening of partnerships between the public and private sectors. These steps are essential for developing intellectual innovations that contribute to addressing regional challenges and achieving sustainable development. Emphasizing the importance of research in guiding decision-making should be among national priorities.
The session was summarized using artificial intelligence ezycontent
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