Lactic acid bacteria are considered vital microorganisms gaining increasing importance in food and health applications, particularly Lacticaseibacillus casei KACC92338, which was isolated from raw cow’s milk in South Korea. This article aims to explore the antioxidant properties of this strain and evaluate its potential as a probiotic candidate. Through a comprehensive set of tests and genetic techniques, the article highlights how KACC92338 can contribute to the development of functional food products and in health and skincare. This research will cover details about the strain’s resistance to oxidative conditions, along with its genome, which demonstrates its compatibility with the beneficial properties of probiotics. The exciting results of this research make Lacticaseibacillus casei KACC92338 a subject worthy of further exploration for its potential applications.
Research on Antioxidant Activity Properties
Antioxidants are essential for protecting the body from damage caused by free radicals. In this context, the Lacticaseibacillus casei KACC92338 strain, isolated from Korean raw milk, was evaluated, showing this strain a distinctive ability to withstand certain amounts of hydrogen peroxide (2 mmol). Antioxidant activities were measured using several tests, including DPPH radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, reducing capacity, and iron chelation. The KACC92338 strain demonstrated scavenging rates of 95.61% for DPPH radicals, 34.10% for hydroxyl radicals, and 81.06% for iron chelation. All these results indicate that this strain has a strong ability to combat oxidation, making it a promising candidate as a natural additive in food supplements.
The KACC92338 strain also exhibited effective protection for yeast cells when exposed to 10 mmol of hydrogen peroxide, indicating its capability to defend itself against harmful conditions. These results represent an important trend in developing natural dietary supplements, as research shifts towards using lactic acid bacteria as antioxidants in foods. To make this use possible, it is essential for these microorganisms to possess probiotic characteristics, and thus, continuing research into genetic traits and natural potentials will be a step in the right direction.
Genetic Characteristics of Strain KACC92338
The KACC92338 strain is characterized by a unique genetic pattern consisting of 3,050,901 bases with a GC content of 47.96%. The genome includes 3,048 genes, of which 2,981 are coding genes and 67 are RNA. Analysis was performed using advanced tools to identify genes associated with probiotic properties and metabolic capabilities. The collected genetic information revealed a strong closeness to other L. casei strains, showing a similarity rate of up to 96%, enhancing the understanding of the strain’s classification and potentials. Genomic analysis indicated the presence of a set of genes involved in carbohydrate and amino acid transport, highlighting the strain’s ability to utilize various nutrients in its environment.
The absence of antibiotic resistance and toxin genes are important indicators, suggesting that KACC92338 is a safe strain for use as a probiotic preparation. This strain also possesses defense mechanisms that include prophage regions and CRISPR fields acting as closed immune systems against mobile elements. The strain also shows bacteriocin clusters for antibiotics, suggesting it has the capability to produce antimicrobial substances that contribute to the overall health of consumers. Through genomic analysis and molecular experiments, companies can leverage this strain in developing new food and health care products.
Potential Applications of Strain KACC92338
The results obtained concerning the antioxidant and probiotic properties of strain KACC92338 reveal that it may play a pivotal role in the development of functional food preparations. Companies have begun to explore the use of this strain in the production of fermented foods that carry health benefits, such as yogurt or nutrient-rich supplements. Considering the properties exhibited by the strain, it could become a key component in developing natural supplements aimed at combating oxidative stress, and thus can be offered as preventive solutions against many diseases related to airborne factors and modern environmental issues.
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KACC92338 can also be used in the development of skincare products that focus on enhancing the health benefits of the body. People today have an increasing interest in natural products, which presents a significant opportunity to utilize strains like Lacticaseibacillus casei in formulating effective cosmetic preparations. Research shows that the cosmetic industry can greatly benefit from this trend, providing consumers with safe and non-harmful alternatives.
Challenges and Future Prospects
Despite the significant potential benefits of strain KACC92338, there are still real challenges regarding safety studies and quantitative affirmations. Future studies need to focus on more tests to achieve a deep understanding of all aspects of the different strains. This includes conducting clinical trials to assess tangible effects on human health and determining the required dosages of the product to ensure health benefits are realized directly. It is important to consider environmental challenges to ensure that this strain can continue to work effectively within different environments, concerning changes in temperature, pressure, and pH levels.
Additionally, future plans should include more collaboration between researchers and manufacturers to provide reliable, high-quality products. Developing strict standards and funding new research can also contribute to enhancing business opportunities and maximizing the available potentials of the strain. By leveraging extensive research and integrating modern technologies like genome sequencing, professionals can accelerate the development process of effective probiotics, thereby achieving market success.
Methods for Determining the Antioxidant Capacity of Probiotic Bacteria
The study of the antioxidant efficacy in probiotic bacteria has become significantly important in scientific research due to the possibility of using these bacteria as natural alternatives to improve general health and combat the effects of oxidative stress. One key component in studying this efficacy is the use of multiple techniques such as free radical scavenging ability tests, reduction capacity tests, and iron chelation ability tests. In this study, the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of Lactobacillus casei KACC92338 was used to determine the antioxidant efficacy through various tests. For instance, the ability of CFS to scavenge DPPH free radicals was examined, along with measuring the iron reduction capacity and testing interactions with hydroxyl free radicals.
The DPPH test is one of the most commonly used methods for evaluating free radical scavenging capacity. The results showed that CFS achieved a scavenging rate of 95.61%, which is an excellent rate compared to previous studies. Additionally, the reduction ability of iron was measured, where results showed a significant capability to reduce oxidation with readings over 2.22. These values highlight the high potential of the bacteria as a source of natural antioxidants. In this context, studies based on spectroscopic analyses provide helpful insights into understanding the magnitude of biological effects.
Effects of Antioxidants on Living Cells
The importance of antioxidant compounds goes beyond just their chemical role; they also play a crucial role in protecting living cells from potential damages. In these studies, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as a model for testing due to its similarity to human body cells. Experiments were conducted to see how the extract from bacteria KACC92338 could provide protection against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) toxicity, which is one of the oxidative stressors.
The results showed that yeast treated with CFS extract suffered less damage compared to untreated cells when exposed to high concentrations of H2O2. This indicates that CFS extract led to a significant improvement in the survival rate of the yeasts, suggesting its efficacy as an antioxidant protector. This study emphasizes the need for further research to understand the effectiveness of this bacteria in boosting immunity and its overall impact on human health.
Analysis
The Genome and Probiotic Properties Determination
Genome sequencing studies are gaining increasing importance for understanding the functional and genetic properties of probiotic bacteria. In this research, the complete genome of the strain KACC92338 was analyzed using genome sequencing to determine its biological properties. DNA was extracted from the cultivated KACC92338 strain and sequenced using advanced techniques, marking a breakthrough in understanding the genes associated with safety and resistance.
Genome analysis involves several steps, beginning with the construction of the genomic library and the removal of unwanted reads, leading to assembly and functional annotation of genes. The genome analysis demonstrated the safety and efficiency of the bacterium as a basis for probiotic properties. Genes associated with antibiotic resistance and potential vaccines were also investigated. Through genome sequencing, the existence of genes that may enhance the health benefits of this strain was identified.
Research on Antibacterial Properties and Harmful Factors
Probiotics are characterized by antibacterial properties, making them a vital part of developing dietary supplements. Genes related to safety and defensive mechanisms in the KACC92338 strain were examined, which may confirm its role in combating harmful bacteria, thereby enhancing public health. Several factors causing antibiotic-resistant bacterial cells were identified, highlighting the importance of this strain in the safe use of existing antibiotics.
Through these analyses, a range of applications in public health can be envisioned based on these probiotic strains, including the production of dietary supplements that support immunity and help control inflammation. The development of these research projects will, of course, require further clinical studies to ensure their efficacy and safety for use in various communities.
Health Benefits of Amino Acids and Antioxidants
Cell-free liquid extracts from certain strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) such as Lacticaseibacillus casei KACC92338 are highly effective in combating oxidative stress that human cells face. Studies indicate that these bacteria contain nutrient compounds high in antioxidants such as bioactive peptides, antioxidant enzymes, and fatty acids, among other beneficial elements. For example, it was found that cells treated with CFS extracts from these microorganisms show significantly higher survival rates compared to untreated cells, demonstrating their potential to reduce damage caused by free radicals such as those generated from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
Antioxidants contribute to the protection against chronic diseases, including heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. For instance, previous studies have shown that consuming foods rich in these bacteria can help reduce levels of harmful cholesterol and contribute to lowering blood pressure. Additionally, the presence of components such as magnesium and carotenoids can enhance the overall health of the body, making these microbial strains of significant nutritional importance.
Genome Characteristics of Strain KACC92338
The complete genome of the strain Lacticaseibacillus casei KACC92338 contains a circular chromosome with a length of 3,050,901 base pairs, characterized by a high guanine and cytosine (GC) content of 47.96%. This strain is considered one of the prominent strains within the Lactobacillus group in terms of genome size. It has been noted that as genome size increases, so does the ability to adapt to different environments, indicating that strains with larger genomes possess adaptive advantages that make them more successful in exploiting diverse environmental resources.
The circular genome map of this strain provides information regarding the distribution of coding points and other genetic materials, such as tRNA and rRNA, offering an overview of the various gene functions that assist the strain in achieving its superior functional performance. Compared to other strains, the results of genetic analysis showed a profound similarity to other forms of Lacticaseibacillus casei, confirming its identity as a distinct species within this genus.
Analysis
Functional Genomics
The genome was analyzed using various databases such as COG and KEGG, allowing for a precise understanding of the functional characteristics of the strain. The results showed that 83.73% of the encoded genes are distributed across 19 diverse functional categories, most of which focus on carbohydrate and amino acid transport. These core categories are essential in understanding how the strain can benefit from food and contribute to vital body functions, such as energy generation and tissue building.
For example, the existence of an entire system of genes responsible for energy production, carbohydrate digestion, and cellular signaling supports the idea that this bacterium could be effective as a probiotic source. The data also show that the strain can withstand harsh environmental conditions significantly through the genetic deposition of resistance traits. This is beneficial when used in the food industry, where it is likely to be exposed to a variety of environmental conditions.
Probiotic Properties of Strain KACC92338
The ability of probiotics to survive in harsh conditions such as temperature changes, acidity, and oxidative stress are important features when evaluating them. It has been noted that the strain Lacticaseibacillus casei KACC92338 contains genes that support its resistance to these environmental conditions. Such as the presence of universal stress response proteins that can be activated under environmental stress, along with genes that support the adhesive capability necessary for survival in the gastrointestinal tract.
Improving probiotic properties is an important characteristic for such a strain, which can help enhance gut health and improve nutrient absorption rates. In this regard, the potential immune effects of this strain have been studied, revealing its ability to boost the natural immune response in the body. This makes it an ideal candidate for use in dietary supplements or in fermented foods to improve overall health.
Adaptation Mechanisms of the Strain in the Gut
The strain Lactobacillus casei KACC92338 is a remarkable example of the unique capabilities of lactic acid bacteria, especially in its ability to withstand various stresses such as heat, cold, and acidic or alkaline environments. This strain possesses genes responsible for enhancing the gene expression of a range of proteins, giving it the ability to survive under different stress conditions. For instance, three genes (cspA, cspB, cspC) encoding cold shock proteins have been identified, allowing the bacteria to adapt when exposed to low temperatures. The physiological importance of those genes lies in ensuring the survival and vitality of microorganisms in environments that may usually be lethal.
Additionally, it has been shown that strain KACC92338 contains 11 genes responsible for resistance to low pH environments, where essential proteins such as ATP synthase and NhaK play a vital role in maintaining pH balance within bacterial cells, aiding this strain’s survival and growth in acidic environments. Similarly, the presence of an additional 29 genes helps resist bile salts, which proves the strain’s ability to face environmental challenges in the gastrointestinal tract.
This genetic adaptation also extends to other resistance mechanisms such as osmotolerance, where the strain possesses eight genes responsible for the uptake and retention of osmotic substances, helping to maintain cell stability. Overall, these strategies reflect KACC92338’s ability to achieve the adaptive vision of bacteria in various environments, making it a good candidate for industrial applications.
Adhesion Ability and Enhancement of Colonization in the Gut
The ability of Lactobacillus casei KACC92338 to adhere to epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal tract is vital for its survival and proliferation. This strain contains 12 genes encoding adhesion-related proteins, which play a key role in enhancing colonization within the gut. These proteins aid in recognizing the surface components of the host cell, facilitating the adhesion process and survival in complex environments.
Research
the mobile genetic elements such as insertion sequences (IS) as a fundamental part of the genetic transformations and diversity in the Lactobacillus casei KACC92338 strain. The role of these elements lies in their ability to insert themselves into various genetic materials, facilitating the biosynthesis of new genes that contribute to enhanced resistance in different environments. Fourteen insertion elements have been identified in the strain’s genome, indicating its genetic diversity and adaptability.
Genomic islands containing genes related to biosynthetic transformations and elements such as transposases and integrases have also been revealed; these elements contribute to enhancing the strain’s ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Studies have shown that these elements play a vital role in boosting the strain’s competitiveness in diverse environments.
Advanced genetic mechanisms like CRISPR-Cas in forming an effective defense mechanism against bacteriophages, illustrating how environmental complexity necessitates advanced genetic mechanisms. These elements combine rapid responses to environmental changes with the ability to maintain genomic stability, enhancing the status of KACC92338 as a strong probiotic option.
Genes Associated with the CRISPR-Cas System
The CRISPR-Cas system is one of the vital defense systems found in microbes, capable of defending against mobile genetic elements such as plasmids and bacteriophages. In a case study of the microbe L. casei KACC92338, a set of Cas proteins associated with the CRISPR system was identified, containing proteins of the Cas_TypeIC and Cas_TypeII types, indicating the system’s potential in protecting the genome from external threats. These proteins can also play a role in stabilizing the genomes of lactic acid bacteria in the food industry, highlighting the significant importance of these systems. For example, the CRISPR-Cas system can be utilized in gene editing applications to improve the biological properties of bacteria, such as increasing lactic acid production in the dairy industry.
Exogenous and Mobile Systems in the Genome
The genes responsible for prophages are a crucial part of bacterial genomes, contributing to endowing bacteria with new traits and characteristics. The genome of KACC92338 contains six prophage regions, including both complete and incomplete regions, indicating the diversity of the genome and its ability to acquire new genes from the surrounding environment. For instance, prophages can help bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance genes or adapt to new environments, highlighting their importance in the preservation and development of bacterial strains. It is essential to understand how these prophages affect the behavior of bacteria as non-pathogenic colonizers or as potential pathogenic factors.
Genes Associated with Antibiotic Resistance
Analysis of the KACC92338 genome showed no direct antibiotic resistance genes using databases such as CARD, but when using less stringent options, potential antibiotic resistance-associated genes were identified. This makes it necessary to analyze the role of these genes under various conditions and perform phenotypic tests to confirm whether these genes are functional or not. For example, cases have been documented involving strains of Lactobacillus showing intrinsic resistance to antibiotics, yet lacking transferable resistance genes through plasmids, indicating they are not a threat to consumer health.
Genes Associated with Pathogenic Factors
Although the study of the KACC92338 genome did not find any pathogenic genes, other findings showed the presence of genes that can contribute to survival under various stress conditions such as immune adaptation and stress tolerance. These genes enhance the efficiency of the bacteria as probiotic colonies, facilitating their maintenance in the gut under complex conditions. Previous studies have indicated the importance of these factors in improving the strains’ survival capabilities and their development as dietary supplements or in industrial applications.
Analysis of Bacterial Strain Safety
The safety of the KACC92338 strain was comprehensively evaluated through genetic analysis, and no genes posing a risk to human health were found. Studies have shown that the strain does not produce toxic or undesirable compounds, making it suitable for use as probiotic supplements. For instance, there is particular interest in avoiding the production of D-lactic acid by lactic acid bacteria in food products, as it can cause health issues for individuals with carbohydrate intolerance. Therefore, ensuring the non-production of these compounds is essential to guarantee the safety of food products.
Biotechnology of Antibacterial Substances
Studies have shown the potential of KACC92338 to produce antibacterial substances such as bacteriocins, which can play an essential role in enhancing the effectiveness of probiotics in combating microbial pathogens in the gut. Vital gene clusters specialized in the production of bacteriocins were discovered in the genome, indicating the strain’s ability to produce them in industrial environments and food preparations. These results pave the way for exploiting these strains in developing food products with distinctive health characteristics that offer clear benefits to consumers.
Process
Production and Diversity of Effective Bacteria
Lactic acid bacteria are considered microorganisms widely used in food industries, playing a crucial role in enhancing nutritional quality and safety. This process focuses on the production of bacteriocins, which are naturally occurring antibacterial substances produced by bacteria. A study conducted on Lacticaseibacillus casei shows a type of bacteriocin that indicates the ability to combat pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes. This bacterium is known for its resistance to growth in harsh environments, making it an ideal choice for food safety applications.
Genomic evidence and data derived from BLASTP analysis indicate the presence of different families of bacteriocins, such as alpha-leucocin and pediocin P, highlighting the genetic diversity in these cells. For instance, Enterolysin_A bacteriocin has been found in two genetic clusters, AOI_02 and AOI_03. Enterolysin_A acts by breaking down microbial cell walls, facilitating the elimination of harmful bacteria. This type of bacteriocin enhances the body’s response to bacterial diseases and promotes good health.
Antioxidant Effects of Genome-Based Bacteria
The comprehensive genomic sequencing of Lacticaseibacillus casei KACC92338 revealed genes associated with probiotic properties, including antioxidant activity. This activity implies the ability of this strain to resist oxidative stress, meaning it can help reduce cellular damage caused by free radicals. The results indicate that the bacteria possess traits that allow them to provide cellular protection, thereby enhancing proper metabolic processes and overall health.
The bacteria are capable of surviving in harsh conditions of high temperature and acidity, as well as adapting to the severe conditions that may be present in raw milk. Thus, Lacticaseibacillus casei can play a significant role in developing new food products that enhance public health due to their antioxidant properties. The study highlights the importance of this strain in reducing oxidative stress levels, demonstrating its high potential in developing new strategies to combat diseases caused by free radicals.
Genetic Stability and Safety in Industrial Applications
Genetic safety is a crucial element when evaluating the efficacy and use in food industries. Studies have revealed that the Lacticaseibacillus casei KACC92338 strain researched shows no antibiotic resistance genes, virulence factors, or any type of plasmids. These findings enhance the confidence of manufacturers and consumers in using this bacteria in food products.
The bacteria are also genetically stable due to the presence of latent viral regions and the CRISPR-Cas system, which acts as a natural defense against viruses and foreign materials. This stability enhances the commercial use of the strain, as safety in industrial applications is a vital concept for both manufacturers and consumers. Understanding genetic inference and sources of resistance can help reduce risks associated with bacterial infections, contributing to improving the quality of food products.
Future of Bacterial Research and Applications
The results derived from genomic studies and the efficiency research of Lacticaseibacillus casei KACC92338 open new horizons. For instance, this strain can be used as a food additive in the dairy industry to enhance health benefits. Through further research, the potential of this strain can be established in other food applications, such as fermentation or the creation of new flavors.
In the future, conducting comprehensive studies in laboratories focusing on antioxidant efficacy will improve disease control strategies. Research scope can also be expanded to examine the effects on other living organisms, such as flowers or vegetables, and the success of this strain in interacting with beneficial bacteria present in the ecosystem. These developments are vital in the coming days to face public health and food industry challenges.
Update
CRISRFinder and Its Key New Features
The CRISPR technology is one of the most significant developments in molecular biology, as it has opened new horizons in the field of gene editing. Among the tools used in this field, CRISRFinder stands out as an essential program that facilitates the analysis and mapping of genetic sequences. In the latest update of the program, a mobile version has been integrated, helping users to quickly and efficiently access research tools. The mobile version assists in practical uses, allowing researchers who prefer to use smartphones or tablets to conduct biological analyses with ease. This feature reflects the ongoing trend towards making biological technology more accessible, particularly in settings that require rapid analysis, such as medical fields.
Moreover, the performance of CRISRFinder has been significantly improved, making the search for Cas proteins more efficient. Cas proteins play a vital role in establishing specific functions to facilitate gene editing interventions. This enhancement in performance allows scientists to identify components and active domains more quickly and accurately. With accurate information available about the proteins, researchers can develop effective strategies for gene editing, potentially contributing to solving genetic problems or developing new treatments for diseases.
Using Edible Biopolymers in Food Industries
There is a growing interest in the effective use of edible biopolymers in the food industry, especially with materials such as whey protein isolate and Lactobacillus casei probiotic cultures. These biopolymers represent an innovative solution to reducing waste and extending the shelf life of food products. By forming a protective layer on fruits like tomatoes and grapes, the biopolymers can shield products from oxidation and damage caused by environmental factors. These layers not only protect foods but also contribute additional health benefits for consumers due to the presence of probiotics that improve gut health and enhance immunity.
The properties of these biopolymers are varied, as they can improve the nutritional absorption of food supplements, making them a nutritious option that is popular among consumers. For example, whey protein films have been used to package cheese and meats. This application carries the potential to extend the shelf life of these products while providing a richer and more beneficial nutritional eating experience. Studies have shown that edible biopolymers enhance the absence of harmful chemicals that food does not need, which may be present in traditional packaging materials. These advantages make research in this field exciting and open new avenues for future applications.
The Active Ingredients of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Role in Nutrition and Human Health
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are essential components in many traditional food products. These bacteria play an important role in the fermentation process and offer a number of health benefits. Focusing on the applications of lactic acid bacteria in food has yielded exciting results that combine research with scientific evidence. Among their benefits, studies show that these bacteria enhance the body’s ability to cope with oxidative stress, contributing to the prevention of many diseases. Research indicates that consuming foods containing LAB can improve nutritional functions and strengthen the immune system.
Thanks to their ability to produce a range of active compounds like bacteriocins and lactic acid, lactic acid bacteria can suppress the growth of harmful microorganisms. For example, studies have shown that these bacteria interact with the immune system, leading to increased antibody production. Additionally, the consumption of fermented foods such as yogurt and kimchi comes with multiple benefits, as they are known for their positive effects on gut health.
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The conclusion has shown the importance of lactic acid bacteria in supporting public health, and there is a need to encourage the consumption of these foods as part of healthy dietary habits. By continuing research and understanding the multiple roles these microorganisms play, new strategies can be developed to improve dietary systems and enhance overall well-being.
Oxidative Stress and Its Importance to Public Health
Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between the production of free radicals and antioxidant defense mechanisms in the body. This stress is associated with a number of chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Although free radicals play an important role in some metabolic processes, their accumulation leads to widespread damage within cells. Therefore, it is essential to take precautions to protect the body from this stress. One of the methods used for this purpose is natural antioxidant supplements, which have become more popular in recent years. Health organizations recommend foods rich in antioxidants to mitigate the harmful effects of free radicals.
Research indicates that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) may contribute to mitigating the effects of free radicals in the body, making them a natural and effective means of combating oxidative stress. These bacteria, as probiotics, not only improve gut health but also play a role in enhancing immune functions through their ability to produce antioxidants. Related research suggests that strains such as Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus fermentum can help reduce the harmful impact of free radicals, showing positive results in laboratory and clinical trials.
Lactic Acid Bacteria: Properties and Benefits
Lactic acid bacteria are known as beneficial bacteria used in the production of fermented foods. These strains are not only important in the preparation of dairy products but are also considered one of the most important types of probiotics that benefit human health. Among these strains, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus are among the most studied for their high concentration of health benefits.
Studies show that these types of bacteria have an excellent ability to survive in the digestive system, making them effective in improving gut health. These bacteria interact with the immune system, which may help reduce inflammation and increase immune levels in the body. Other benefits include improving digestion, reducing allergies to certain foods, and enhancing nutrient absorption.
When it comes to antioxidant properties, research shows that some Lactobacillus strains contain enzymes capable of neutralizing free radicals, which contributes to the prevention of many diseases. Thanks to their ability to produce organic acids, these bacteria can reduce the pH level in the intestines, leading to improved digestion and a healthier living environment for public health.
The Importance of Whole Genome Sequencing in Microbiological Studies
Whole genome sequencing has become a vital tool in scientific research, especially in the field of microbiology. It allows for a deeper understanding of the genetic makeup of bacteria, helping to identify genes responsible for specific traits such as antioxidant activity. Through genome sequencing, researchers can uncover genes associated with the ability to withstand oxidative stress, in addition to probiotic and antibacterial marker genes.
Other benefits of genome sequencing include analyzing genetic diversity in bacterial strains, which may lead to the discovery of new strains that could be more effective in combating diseases. Using advanced genome sequencing techniques, scientists can identify genes that enhance the ability of bacteria to function as antioxidants. This can enhance the prospects of developing dietary supplements containing bacterial strains that better improve human health.
Applications
The Role of Antioxidant Bacteria in Food and Food Industries
In recent years, lactic acid bacteria have been increasingly used in food industries, leading to the creation of products that enhance overall health. For example, whey protein containing strains like Lactobacillus bacteria is used in meat packaging, improving its nutritional properties, alongside probiotic drinks rich in antioxidants. These products not only provide nutritional value but also contribute to protecting the body from the harmful effects of free radicals.
These types of foods may enhance gastrointestinal activity, contributing to improved overall health. Their uses also include various applications in manufactured products, where edible films extracted from konjac have been used as food wrappers, demonstrating how LAB can be utilized in modern food technology. These new applications hold the potential to revolutionize how food is consumed and how the health benefits of good bacteria can be harnessed in daily diets.
Molecular Mechanisms and Genetic Characteristics of LAB
Recent studies indicate that the shift towards studying the molecular mechanisms and genetic characteristics of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) reflects the importance of these organisms in various industrial and health applications. The use of whole genome analysis and gene extraction tools is essential to understand the full genetic information available and the presence of probiotic traits. This research delves into identifying metabolic capabilities, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, and hazardous substances. For instance, one study concluded that the presence of macrolide and beta-lactamase resistance genes in the genome of a specific strain did not confer resistance to the targeted antibiotics. This highlights the importance of comprehensive evaluations of the genetic and experimental characteristics of each probiotic strain, enhancing the knowledge base on safety and efficacy standards.
Characteristics of the Lacticaseibacillus casei Strain
The Lacticaseibacillus casei strain (formerly Lactobacillus casei) is one of the important organisms within the LAB group due to its industrial significance and potential health benefits. L. casei strains are widely used in the production of dairy products and other commercial areas. The L. casei-01 strain represents a traditional model of probiotics in foods. Recently, it has been used in edible films enhanced with whey protein or polysaccharides, demonstrating the high industrial value of new food technologies. However, reports on the antioxidant effects of this strain have not been sufficiently available, as only one report has integrated genomic data with its characteristics. It is essential to build a comprehensive profile of the characteristics and genetic data of new L. casei strains, which contributes to the development of future research.
Antioxidant Properties of Lacticaseibacillus casei KACC92338 Strain
Antioxidant properties are important for many food and health applications, where the Lacticaseibacillus casei KACC92338 strain, isolated from raw milk, has been studied to understand its characteristics and evaluate its value. A variety of assays were used to determine the ability to eliminate free radicals, including DPPH and OH- assays, reflecting the strain’s efficacy in resisting oxidation. The reduction power and iron chelation capacity were measured, demonstrating the strain’s ability to mitigate the negative effects of free radicals. All of this underscores the importance of achieving a high level of knowledge about how foods benefit from these properties.
Technologies Used in Genome Study
The study presented advanced techniques for studying the complete genome of the KACC92338 strain, starting from DNA extraction to genome sequencing. Result analysis through sequencing techniques, using tools such as Trimmomatic and Shovill, ensures sequence quality and identifies mutations. This is done within a framework that contributes to understanding the evolutionary relationships between different strains by creating a phylogenetic tree simulating the strain’s relationship with various species. These procedures are fundamental to understanding genetic classification and functional characteristics, enhancing the quality and diversity of probiotics.
Applications
Lacticaseibacillus casei in Industry
Lacticaseibacillus casei is an interesting model in various industries, especially the food industry, where it is used in dairy products, fermented products, and functional foods. In addition to its effect as a probiotic supplement, this strain represents a means to enhance nutritional value through functional foods, with one application being its addition in cheese, yogurt, and fermented beverages production. These applications illustrate how incorporating this strain into the diet can help boost immunity and enhance gut health in individuals.
Genome Sequencing System
This section addresses the genome sequencing system, which is used to determine the genetic sequence and analyze the functional structure of genes in living organisms. Tools such as Prokka and RAST are used to speed up the genome identification process, and studies have shown that these tools significantly contribute to improving the accuracy of genome analyses. Prokka is a user-friendly system that rapidly and efficiently identifies genes, while RAST is ideal for providing additional information about gene functions. The genomes of specific organisms can be part of genetic information gateway databases like Egg-NOG, which are used to classify genes into overlapping groups of biological functions. These systems rely on the use of previous data to analyze known genes and provide insights that are not achievable through traditional methods.
Analysis of Genes Associated with Probiotic Properties
The importance of these genes lies in their potential use as indicators to determine whether they can be utilized in food or medical applications. Genes are analyzed using tools such as BAGEL 4, which is used to identify antimicrobial peptide factors like bacteriocins. These compounds show great potential as antimicrobial agents, contributing to overall health. Other tools used in this field include analyzing foreign bodies and genes associated with antibiotic resistance, enhancing the understanding of how these microorganisms respond to harsh external environments.
Analysis of Safety Aspects and Defense Mechanisms
Safety aspects play a vital role in understanding how certain genes affect the bacteria’s ability to resist environmental factors and drugs. Advanced tools such as ResFinder and CARD are used to identify genes associated with antibiotic resistance, and this information helps assess the potential risks associated with using microorganisms in human applications. Furthermore, researchers studying these genes focus on identifying potential virulence factors of pathogenic fungi using tools like Virulence finder. This understanding can facilitate the development of effective infection control strategies and also indicates the potential use of genes in medical applications.
Bacterial Resistance to Oxidative Conditions
Some bacterial strains, such as Lactobacillus casei KACC92338, are characterized by their high ability to survive in high oxidative conditions, such as the presence of hydrogen peroxide. This survival allows the study of the oxidative capacity of bacteria and how this factor affects growth. Studies indicate that effective bacterial regulation contributes to reducing damage caused by oxidative stress. High tolerance capacity also reflects the importance of these strains in practical applications, such as their use in fermented foods that require harsh environments.
Antioxidant Properties
Antioxidant properties represent one of the most prominent potential health benefits of probiotic bacteria. The antioxidant capacity of KACC92338 is measured using several indicators, including DPPH radical activity and chelation capacity of iron. Studies have shown that the supernatant of cell-free culture possesses effective antioxidant capacity that enhances cell activity. These results indicate the potential of its use as a preventive treatment against oxidative effects, which are directly related to many chronic diseases.
General Genome Analysis
Genomic analyses indicate that the genome of KACC92338 consists of a circular chromosome with a length of 3,050,901 base pairs. This information, along with the GC content, indicates the importance of length and complexity in determining the diversity of species. The bacterial genome also shows evolutionary relationships with other strains, which helps understand how these microorganisms have evolved and adapted to their surrounding environments. A larger genome can always be linked to broader diversity in environmental and industrial applications.
Confirmation
Type and Taxonomic Status
Studies focus on analyzing genetic patterns to confirm the taxonomic identity of KACC92338. Using tools such as ANI and TYGS, researchers can identify close relatives of other species. The analysis shows that this species is closely related to other known species, indicating the potential use of this information to understand how different species interact with each other. This precise understanding also helps provide accurate and comprehensive classifications for studying bacterial species in more depth.
Gene Analysis and Functional Comments
Genomic assessments are a crucial step in understanding the various gene functions in bacterial strains. The analysis of KACC92338 not only demonstrated the presence of a large number of genes but also revealed a diversity of described functions, allowing for a comprehensive picture of the biological roles these microorganisms may play. This data supports scientific research and increases the utility of microorganisms in agricultural and medical food applications.
Genomic Features of Strain L. casei KACC92338
The genomic analysis of the strain L. casei KACC92338 highlights the significant functional diversity in the genes involved in various biological processes, with the genome classified into 232 subsystems. It is noteworthy that 42% of the subsystem features concentrated on basic metabolic processes, such as carbohydrate metabolism (25.43%), protein metabolism (10.73%), and amino acids and their derivatives (7.38%). Several genes have been specifically identified, such as those associated with the production of complex B vitamins, including biotin and folic acid, considering that these vitamins are essential for humans, who cannot synthesize them autonomously, and we must recognize the importance of these features in potentially enhancing the nutritional value of food products. This unique genomic analysis model reflects the remarkable adaptability of this strain, as well as its capabilities and tolerances to harsh environments.
Functional Classification of Genes in L. casei KACC92338
The protein-coding genes in the studied genome were classified using COG and KEGG databases, which is a fundamental step in understanding the functional characteristics of this strain. A total of 2981 CDS were analyzed, and it was found that 2496 (83.73%) were assigned to different COG families. The main functional categories include transport and metabolism of carbohydrates and transport and metabolism of amino acids. This type of diversity aligns with the increasing need to understand the molecular mechanisms controlling the biological foundations of this strain. The high number of metabolism-associated genes indicates the strain’s exceptional ability to exploit and analyze a wide range of carbohydrates and proteins, thereby enhancing its attractiveness as a probiotic agent.
Probiotic Properties of Strain L. casei KACC92338
The ability to survive and adapt under difficult environmental conditions, such as temperature changes, pH, and osmotic pressure, is of great importance when selecting new probiotic strains. The probiotic features of strain L. casei KACC92338 have been documented through genomic analyses, where a set of genes providing heat and osmotic pressure resistance, along with adhesive ability, were discovered. This is vital in responding to environmental stresses and enhancing probiotic effects. For example, the strain contains genes related to heat loss, which play a crucial role in maintaining cell stability during high-temperature conditions, which is essential for survival in the digestive tract.
Adaptation Techniques for Survival in Complex Environments
When discussing adaptation mechanisms, the strain L. casei KACC92338 possesses a variety of genes that reflect its ability to survive under harsh conditions. An ATP synthase gene and other antibacterial gene categories contribute to maintaining pH balance within the bacteria when exposed to acids. Additionally, genes encoding specific proteins that can combat osmotic pressure were identified, indicating the strain’s ability to retain its biological activity even in complex environments.
Importance
Economic and Future Potential of Probiotics
The strain L. casei KACC92338 has high economic potential due to its capabilities as a probiotic supplement. Its multifaceted properties can be utilized in various fields, ranging from the food industry to public health. With the growing global interest in healthy and sustainable nutrition standards, this strain can meet the increasing demand for probiotic-rich food products that support overall health. Future research will encourage the exploitation of these properties to enhance benefits in food and therapeutic industries.
Interaction of Strain KACC92338 with Free Radicals and Antioxidant Capacity
Studies indicate the ability of strain KACC92338 to withstand free radicals; in fact, this capability is a fundamental part of its antioxidant effects. This ability includes the presence of genes encoding catalase (katA), pyruvate oxidase (poxL), and glutaredoxin (nrdH), reflecting its capacity to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS). These findings support the potential use of KACC92338 as a good candidate for probiotics, having a potential ability to support survival and repair damage under aerobic conditions. The presence of a specialized enzymatic oxidase system, such as the methionine sulfoxide system (msrA, msrB, msrC), allows this strain to degrade oxidized methionine residues resulting from reactive species. Based on these characteristics, KACC92338 appears capable of facing multiple stresses, reflecting its adaptability to different environmental conditions, particularly its ability to survive in the gastrointestinal tract.
Active Carbohydrate Enzymes and Their Role in Gut Bacteria
CAZymes provide vital information about the chemical reactions occurring within the intestines. Studies indicate that KACC92338 contains 201 genes associated with different categories of CAZymes, reflecting its diversity within the human microbiome. These genes include enzymes such as glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and glycosyltransferases (GTs). GHs are key enzymes that break glycosidic bonds and release the energy necessary to support various bacterial activities, allowing KACC92338 to exploit a wide range of complex carbohydrates.
The significant diversity in the contemporary genes and the enzyme fields mentioned enhances the idea that KACC92338 might play a crucial role as a good candidate for enhancing immune responses and defense against pathogenic microbes. This diversity is not only important for existence in various environments but also contributes to the strain’s ability to utilize multiple food sources, including sugars not present in milk-dependent environments.
Mobile Genetic Elements and Their Potential Role in Bacterial Adaptation
Mobile genetic elements (MGE) represent an important part of the bacterial genome, including strain KACC92338. Fourteen insertion elements from the IS1202 and IS6 families were predicted to exist within its genome. Studies show that these elements contribute to enhancing bacterial adaptation and competitiveness in their environments. A report based on genome analysis states that KACC92338 possesses five specific genetic regions known as genomic islands (GIs). These islands contain genes related to niche adaptation, nutritional materials, as well as enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. This information helps in understanding how KACC92338 resists various environmental challenges, enabling it to adapt to different environmental conditions without affecting the integrity of its genomes.
Additionally, the genomic islands support strain KACC92338’s ability to withstand various environmental factors, with no signs of genes related to pathogenic factors or drug resistance mechanisms among the existing genes. Analysis of the genetic genes supported by detailed examination of the vacant lands indicates no direct link between drug-resistant genes and mobile elements, reducing the risks of transmitting harmful genes.
Integrative Genetic Defense and Safety Considerations in Strain KACC92338
The CRISPR-Cas systems represent one of the genetic defense mechanisms used by bacteria to protect themselves from invasive genetic elements. The CRISPR in the KACC92338 genome contains eight arrays of these spacers. This data indicates that this strain effectively secures itself against mobile genetic elements, potentially including resistance genes associated with infections or antibiotics. Estimates also show that KACC92338 does not carry genes resistant to common drugs, which contributes to enhancing the strain’s reputation as a safe candidate for use in food industries or as a probiotic treatment. This type of genetic safety is a crucial component when evaluating strains used in food manufacturing applications, ensuring they do not pose a risk to human health.
Considered
This defense system is highly effective, and the data indicates no conflict between the active parts of the genome and the genes associated with drug resistance. The absence of a correlation between resistance genes and mobile elements also suggests that this strain could play a key role in various industrial applications without causing infections or administering antibiotics. These results provide a strong knowledge base to promote the use of KACC92338 in a variety of biotechnological applications.
Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Their Relationship to Probiotic Bacteria
Most databases like CARD and Resfinder focus on identifying antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in pathogenic bacteria; therefore, resistance genes in non-pathogenic bacteria such as Lactobacillus are often excluded. In a study on the KACC92338 genome, several genes associated with resistance to various antibiotics, including tetracycline, macrolide, beta-lactam, and cationic antimicrobial peptides, were identified. However, the presence of these genes does not guarantee that the bacteria in question actually express this resistance. For example, despite the presence of macrolide and beta-lactam resistance genes, the strain L. plantarum BCC 9546 showed sensitivity to these antibiotics, which may be the result of multiple factors such as gene expression levels and substrate specificity for the expressed product.
Previous studies have shown that many genera of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) exhibit intrinsic resistance to tetracycline and macrolides due to ribosome protection, antibiotic efflux, and the formation of associated efflux pumps. In this context, the resistance genes found in KACC92338 suggest that they encode transporters and efflux pumps, primarily linked to non-specific resistance mechanisms against antibiotics. It is also important to note that our genome lacks plasmids, making the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes via plasmids impossible.
Additional phenotypic testing is crucial in clinical decision-making to clarify whether ARG genes encode active proteins or play different roles. The results indicate that L. casei KACC92338 is a safe strain and is unlikely to transfer any ARG to other strains. These results serve as a preliminary screening of resistance-related gene profiles, suggesting that this strain could be beneficial in food industrial applications.
Virulence Factors in Strain KACC92338
No harmful genes were found in KACC92338 when a search was conducted using BLASTn against the VirulenceFinder database. However, groups of 22 genes were predicted based on comparison with VFDB, which primarily included ABC transport proteins, stress survival factors, immune modulation, and adhesion. It is important to note that these factors contributing to virulence in pathogens are also beneficial in probiotic strains, as they help enhance their survival capacity in the intestine under various physiological stress conditions.
Studies have shown that virulence-related factors may play an important role in enhancing bacteria’s ability to survive in harsh environments, such as those found in the human gut, making them useful as dietary supplements. For example, some proteins that enhance bacterial survival under stress conditions can contribute to improved gastrointestinal health by supporting a balanced environment for beneficial bacteria, and these factors may increase positive interactions with host immune cells.
Additionally, probiotic strains enhanced with survival factors may exhibit effectiveness against harmful bacteria, which requires in-depth analysis of the genes and products expressed by these strains to understand how to enhance gut health more precisely. This indicates that food safety strategies may consider the biological factors possessed by the organism when contemplating production applications.
Compounds
Toxicity and Precautions in Using Probiotics
Several genes related to undesirable compounds have been identified using BlastKoala technology, including hemolysin and D-lactate dehydrogenase enzyme in the genome KACC92338. Subsequent analysis showed that the toxin gene coding for hemolysin has a 100% match with the membrane channel-forming protein YqfA, which belongs to the hemolysin III family. The presence of the hlyIII gene in commercially available Lactobacillus D probiotic strains is evidence that the strain carrying this gene does not pose a safety concern.
However, the presence of the D-lactate dehydrogenase gene in the genome implies the production of D-lactic acid, which is a vital component in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria such as L. plantarum. Caution should be exercised in consuming foods containing LAB with the capability to produce D-lactic acid, as this could lead to acidosis in patients and infants suffering from short bowel syndrome and carbohydrate malabsorption.
Issues related to the safety of microbial components require thorough scrutiny, especially when using probiotics in functional food applications. Analysis regarding genes linked to the biosynthesis of biogenic amines in probiotics indicates that the strain is considered non-producer of biogenic amines, showing that it is safe for consumption. Such safety assessments should be based on laboratory analysis and the application of stringent standards to ensure that probiotic strains do not have any negative impact on consumer health.
Biological Production of Antibacterial Substances: Bacteriocin in Strain KACC92338
The antimicrobial activities of probiotics are an important factor in competing against microbial pathogens in the intestines by producing specific inhibitory substances, such as bacteriocins and lactic acid. Genome analysis of L. casei KACC92338 shows that the strain may possess the ability to produce class II bacteriocins, such as sakacin-P and Enterolysin_A. These genes are located in different regions of the genome, and the discovery of environmental gene clusters is a sign of the antibacterial potential of this strain.
According to the analysis, one of the interesting areas includes the AOI_01 region that contains the gene encoding sakacin-P, which exhibits efficacy against a broad range of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Listeria monocytogenes, a common pathogen in the food industry. Previous studies have shown that bacteriocins are capable of inhibiting the growth of pathogens such as Listeria by affecting cell integrity.
In addition to the productivity quality of probiotics, theoretical exceptions concerning the influence of environmental factors on bacteriocin production should be considered, as this may provide valuable information on how to ensure food safety and reduce plans for negative microbial interaction.
As research continues into the mechanisms underlying the production of these vital compounds, results from work on L. casei KACC92338 offer new opportunities to understand the dynamic interactions between probiotics and pathogens, aiding in the development of effective strategies for combating intestinal diseases and promoting public health.
Genome Stability Confirmation
Genome stability is a crucial element in assessing the safety of living species, especially when discussing beneficial bacterial strains such as Lactobacillus casei KACC92338. A genome free of mutations or harmful genetic changes is a positive indicator of the potential for using the strain in industrial and food applications. Results from genetic verification reflect that this type may adhere to biosafety standards. However, this verification is considered a preliminary stage, as further experiments are required to confirm the usability of the strain in living environments, including animal trials, to ensure it does not negatively impact other living organisms or the environment as a whole.
When looking at previous studies, it is found that many strains that showed positive results in laboratory tests have not performed similarly in the living environment. Therefore, conducting subsequent evaluations under different biological conditions contributes to understanding this strain’s impact on living organisms and its environmental interactions. For instance, studying how this strain affects gut health or even its role in enhancing immunity can be beneficial.
Assessment
Industrial Safety and Stability
Safety assessment involves examining the genetic makeup of bacteria to identify any markers that may indicate the potential for negative interactions. This includes studying the genes responsible for antibiotic resistance, as these genes may lead to the development of resistant bacteria, posing a threat to public health. Universities and research centers around the world are striving to improve the evaluation methods of these strains to ensure they can be used confidently in food applications.
Moreover, industrial stability, which refers to the ability to continue performing as required under production conditions, is a critical factor in the successful use of these strains. Stability can be evaluated by examining the strain’s ability to grow during various production processes such as storage and distribution. Environmental conditions, such as temperature and pH, and their effect on the strain’s activity must also be considered. Therefore, comprehensive studies should be conducted, including tests under different conditions to ensure that the strain’s quality does not degrade.
Data Availability and Research Information
With the increasing need for accurate and reliable data to support scientific research, the public availability of data becomes paramount. Online databases provide researchers with information on bacterial genetic sequences, genetic traits, and other important aspects. Accessing information in an organized and direct manner is a beneficial option for researchers seeking a deeper understanding of the studied species and their potential applications.
It is essential that this data be collected accurately and comprehensively, allowing for analysis and use in future research. Such openness can lead to the development of new strategies to address health challenges associated with resistant bacteria. For example, there is a growing number of studies linking genetic data to its use in developing antibacterial treatments, highlighting how this data can contribute to medical advancements.
Researchers’ Contribution and Role in Research
The efforts made by researchers and specialists in this field lead to a deeper understanding of bacterial species and their behaviors. Each researcher plays a pivotal role in achieving accurate and useful results, as coordination among researchers from different disciplines enhances the effectiveness of studies. Collaborative research contributes to developing more effective strategies to reduce health risks and improve the desired benefits of these strains. Thus, collective work demonstrates the importance of each individual in advancing research to achieve tangible accomplishments that ensure safety and public health.
Through teamwork, knowledge and expertise can be shared, facilitating the exchange of ideas and opinions on the best methods and procedures necessary for research. These initiatives showcase the ability to innovate and reach new goals that enhance health, agricultural, and qualitative outcomes. It is important for these efforts to remain ongoing and growing to explore a greater number of bacterial strains and to confirm their potential benefits to society.
Research Related to Lactobacillus
Lactobacillus is considered one of the beneficial bacterial groups in dairy and nutrition, commonly used as a dietary supplement in many health foods. This group of bacteria plays an important role in promoting general health by managing gut microbiota, strengthening the immune system, and improving digestive health. Recent research includes genomic studies of many Lactobacillus strains aimed at exploring their probiotic properties. For example, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR1 has been highlighted for its potential importance in protecting the gut from diseases. A range of Lactobacillus strains such as Lactobacillus plantarum has been studied and shown to possess antioxidant properties, enhancing its utility as a dietary supplement.
Antioxidant Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria
The antioxidant properties of Lactobacillus play a vital role in developing new strategies to combat the negative effects of oxidative stress. According to several studies, the cell walls of these bacteria contain natural antioxidants that help reduce free radicals that may cause health issues. For instance, Lactobacillus plantarum has shown positive effects in lowering free radical levels and reducing inflammation in field and laboratory studies. It has also been confirmed that these strains can protect cells from harmful effects due to exposure to destructive substances such as H2O2.
Applications
Probiotics in Food and Health Industries
Various studies indicate the importance of using probiotics, including Lactobacillus, in the development of new food products. A successful example of this is the use of Lactobacillus casei in developing healthy cheeses that contribute to enhancing individuals’ immunity. The use of this bacteria in yogurt production is also a testament to its success in improving digestion and enhancing health benefits. Not only in dairy production, but probiotics are also used in improving the quality of bread and some health products. This contributes to adding nutritional value to these products and creates new options for consumers.
Determining the Safety of Probiotic Strains through Genetic Analysis
Genetic testing is an important tool in evaluating the safety and efficacy of probiotic bacterial strains, helping to identify the genes that contribute to beneficial and potentially harmful characteristics. Several studies have shown the importance of whole genome sequencing of Lactobacillus and scrutiny of genes associated with disease resistance and health threats. Rigorous research highlights how genes and proteins can play a critical role in influencing the quality and impact of probiotic bacteria. This effort has ensured that the strains used in food products are safe and possess actual health benefits.
The Impact of Probiotics on the Immune System and Gut Health
Probiotic supplements significantly stimulate and enhance the immune system. Research indicates that Lactobacillus can contribute to improving gut health by enhancing the formation of certain substances that play a crucial role in the body’s ability to fight infections. Among the positive effects are the improvement of beneficial gut bacteria ratios and the reduction of inflammation. Studies conducted on animal models demonstrate how consuming probiotics can help reduce the body’s inflammatory response, reflecting positively on gut health.
Source link: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1458221/full
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