Volcanology is considered one of the exciting scientific fields, as it deals with the study of volcanoes, volcanic activities, and their impacts on society and the environment. In this article, we highlight the role of women in volcanology through distinguished research projects, aiming to provide a clear picture of the contributions and marks left by female scientists in this field. Despite the significant challenges they face, women in geology demonstrate entrepreneurial creativity and contribute to understanding volcanic hazards and enhancing risk mitigation strategies. Throughout this article, we will review a collection of research conducted by female volcanologists, outlining the challenges they face and how their contributions can inspire future generations of passionate women to enter this vital scientific field.
Volcanology: Importance and the Role of Women in this Field
Volcanology is the scientific field that studies volcanoes, volcanic activity, and associated phenomena and their effects on society. Volcanologists are the specialists in this field, addressing the processes and characteristics related to volcanoes such as their formation, eruption mechanisms, solid products, and atmospheric emissions. This field also covers a wide range of scientific disciplines, such as geology, geochemical studies, volcanic rock science, and geophysical studies, among others. The information gathered by volcanologists aids in monitoring and predicting volcanic eruptions, assessing risks to nearby populations, and developing strategies to mitigate the impact of volcanic activity on communities.
The issue of low representation of women in geological sciences remains a persistent and serious problem worldwide. For example, statistics from organizations such as the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior show that the percentage of women does not exceed 39%. Although there is a noticeable increase in the number of women working in early career stages, the absence of women in senior positions and the recognition of their contributions still pose a significant challenge. Women play a vital role in promoting a more equitable, diverse, and inclusive volcanology community. Thus, it is essential to enhance the roles of these women and shed light on their contributions to this scientific field.
Challenges and Obstacles: Women’s Experiences in Volcanology
Research indicates that women in the field of volcanology face multiple challenges. Among these challenges is the lack of institutional support and networking opportunities that facilitate their career development. For instance, some studies have highlighted the obstacles faced by female researchers in their attempts to record their achievements, whether through publishing research or receiving awards. The AGU organization also notes that women have received a meager percentage of awards, such as the AGU Bowen Award, which has not exceeded 5% since its inception.
While over 40% of PhD studies in geological sciences in the United States are completed by women, they hold less than 10% of full professional positions in this field. Therefore, it is important to have initiatives that encourage the retention of women within the sector and assist them in overcoming the obstacles they face. It is also essential to recognize that fruitful outcomes can be achieved through a comprehensive approach that includes supporting women at various levels of education and employment in this field.
Research and Initiatives: Women’s Contributions to Volcanology
In order to highlight the role of women in science and the positive impact that diversity in this field can have, a range of research has been conducted showcasing women’s contributions within volcanology. For instance, researcher Beth Bartell conducted a study that focuses on the experiences of women during the evacuation of residents from the Fuego Volcano in Guatemala, which serves as a vivid example of how specific experiences can inform risk mitigation strategies. This type of research not only contributes to improving knowledge about volcanic activity but also aids in taking more effective actions in disaster management.
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Research reflects the role of women in studying the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on volcanology researchers, particularly those early in their careers or with disabilities. Survey results indicated that a significant percentage of these researchers considered leaving the academic field due to the negative effects of the health crisis, necessitating support for these individuals to achieve greater inclusivity within the scientific community.
Collaboration and Communication: The Importance of Teamwork in Volcanic Research
Collaboration among scientists is vital within the volcanology community. Enhancing communication between specialized individuals and various research centers can contribute to improving scientific efficiency and knowledge exchange. For instance, a global database for monitoring volcanoes has been established, aimed at compiling data on volcano monitoring systems worldwide. Through these initiatives, monitoring systems can be improved, introducing the latest technologies, and the integration of information allows research to be more accurate and effective.
Additionally, it is important to dedicate time and effort to sharing successes and challenges among women in this field. By exchanging experiences, more women can be encouraged to engage in volcanology, thereby enhancing inclusivity and diversity in this domain. Considering that innovation and ingenuity in sciences often stem from diverse perspectives, social support and connections among individuals are regarded as key elements to developing this scientific field.
Assessing Future Eruption Probabilities in Volcanoes
In the context of forecasting volcanic eruptions where data is scarce, the relationship between frequency and size has been utilized to estimate eruption probabilities in the dormant Melimoyu volcano, located in the southern volcanic region of Chile. This study is significant as it sheds light on how to use the limited available data to make improvements in eruption prediction models. Since historical data on volcanic eruptions is often limited, this type of research can contribute to developing better tools for volcanic risk management. For example, such models could help identify the areas most at risk, thereby adjusting emergency response strategies in nearby regions.
The Impact of Volcanic Ash Fall on Traditional Buildings
An independent pivotal study was conducted to understand the impact of volcanic ash fall from the eruption of Mount Manaro Voui in Vanuatu, which included a field survey of 589 buildings affected by the ash. The study focused on traditional buildings, such as those made from wood and thatch, which were considered the least resistant to the loads resulting from volcanic ash. Some of these buildings collapsed under an ash thickness of about 40 mm, while others withstood up to 200 mm without damage. These results reflect the importance of the prior condition of the building and mitigation measures, such as using tarpaulins to cover roofs. Understanding these parameters is essential for developing better vulnerability functions and improving predictions related to the effects of volcanoes on communities. These findings could also serve as an important reference for further research related to architecture and building resilience against natural hazards.
The Evolution of International Networks for Addressing Volcanic Health Risks
Over the past two decades, the international network for volcanic health risks has evolved into an organization aimed at providing evidence-based information to the public and advising governments on how to prepare for and respond to volcanic eruptions. This network plays a critical role in raising awareness of the health risks that may arise from volcanic eruptions and how to mitigate these risks. For instance, by coordinating efforts among scientists and practitioners, this network has been able to provide effective crisis response strategies for communities affected by volcanic eruptions. Furthermore, these efforts are especially important in sensitive areas lacking the resources needed to address natural disasters.
Challenges
Opportunities in the Field of Volcanology from a Women’s Perspective
The issues of women’s representation in geological sciences remain prevalent, as women are increasingly represented in graduate studies but are not proportionately occupying leadership positions. Even with over 40% of PhD degrees in geology being awarded to women in the United States, they hold less than 10% of full-time professional positions in the field. This gap poses a significant challenge that requires the scientific community to work towards fostering a more inclusive and diverse environment. In this context, many women scientists in the field of volcanology are overcoming the obstacles they face, creating inspiring success stories for the next generation of women. For example, many female scientists have expressed how they draw inspiration from the experiences of previous women and use that guidance to open new avenues for research and innovation.
Improvements Resulting from Women’s Research in Volcanology
Research led by women highlights diversity and excellence in volcanology, contributing to changing the stereotypes associated with this field. This research spans a wide range of topics, from experimental research and field studies to responses to volcanic events and ways to improve communication with the public. Women’s efforts in advancing this field not only contribute to the development of scientific knowledge but also likely inspire local communities and enhance their ability to face risks associated with volcanism. The role of women should be recognized and their contributions appreciated, fostering the birth of new ideas and enhancing collaboration across different disciplines.
Scientific Research in Volcanology
The scientific studies addressing the subject of volcanology represent an important aspect of understanding the risks associated with volcanic activity and how to manage them. These studies are not merely academic research but seek to provide practical solutions for communities suffering from the effects of volcanism. For instance, Baril and Naismith used qualitative social science methods to study women’s experiences during evacuation processes from the Fuigao Volcano in Guatemala. This study is significant not only for volcanology but also for disaster risk reduction, as it provides an ideal model for understanding gender-conditioned experiences during evacuations, which can be beneficial for future planning for such situations.
Moreover, Chim and colleagues demonstrated how the COVID-19 pandemic affected volcanology researchers, especially early-career researchers and those with disabilities, through an extensive global study. Despite the pandemic’s conclusion, researchers still face negative impacts, leading many to consider leaving academia. The study’s recommendations to support these groups have had a substantial impact in promoting inclusivity and alleviating ongoing issues such as gender and racial biases in the scientific community.
The research conducted by Widiuganti and colleagues illustrates the importance of continuing volcanic monitoring to protect lives and economies. By integrating modern technologies, including ground-based monitoring methods and remote sensing techniques, the quality of available data can be enhanced, playing a vital role in understanding volcanic processes and forecasting associated risks. Cautious planning for infrastructure and energy resources necessitates global collaboration to exchange information and modern technologies.
Inspirational Career Profiles of Women in Volcanology
Some articles in this research focus on showcasing the life journeys of women in the field of volcanology, highlighting the challenges and successes they have faced. For example, Horwell details how the International Volcanic Health Risk Alliance has evolved over twenty years, transitioning from a discussion forum to an international organization working to protect communities. Navigating this professional path showcases how female leaders can significantly influence health security in volcanic contexts.
While
Lindsey highlights her research journey that transitioned from studying rock sciences to applied research, reflecting that success does not occur in a vacuum but is the result of collective efforts. The presence of support from peers and collaboration among diverse minds can play a crucial role in advancing this field.
Julie talks about the experiences she gained as a scientist and how the lessons learned from the past 40 years have evolved to reflect positive changes in science. These dynamics foster hope that the next generation of women volcanologists will be aware of the challenges they may face and will strive for innovation to mitigate risks related to volcanic activity.
Challenges and Opportunities in the Field of Volcanology
Women in the field of volcanology face a variety of challenges that are increasingly being focused on in academic literature. There are challenges related to gender and racial biases, where women still face difficulties in obtaining appropriate support throughout their academic careers. It has been emphasized that overcoming women’s research barriers is essential for achieving equity in the field. Some studies have already highlighted the challenges faced by women in STEM fields.
However, there are also success stories that encourage young female researchers. For example, establishing collaborative networks among women volcanologists can provide the necessary support for sharing experiences and knowledge, enhancing opportunities for networking and innovation. Recognizing these challenges and ways to address them represents an important step toward building a resilient and inclusive academic environment.
Their perspectives are a vital component in shaping the evolving discussions in this field. Acknowledging the efforts and achievements of women enhances a more inclusive vision in the field of volcanology. Some articles also highlight the importance of supporting researchers from developing countries, which are often overlooked in global research, narrowing the list of voices heard in this field.
Source link: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2024.1500583/full
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