The issue of land subsidence is considered one of the important environmental challenges affecting many cities around the world. In this context, we highlight the impact of Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) strategy implemented in the upper alluvial plains of the Chaobai River in Beijing, where this strategy has contributed to an increase in groundwater levels. Despite the obvious benefits of this step, the effects of MAR on land subsidence remain not fully understood. This article seeks to study the potential impacts of groundwater recovery on land subsidence through a comprehensive analysis that combines interferometric radar data, strain measurements, and groundwater level observations. We will reveal the phenomenon of land uplift and how changes in groundwater levels, along with geological characteristics, play a crucial role in this dynamic, providing us with new insights into groundwater management strategies and land subsidence mitigation.
Impacts of Managed Aquifer Recharge on Land Level
Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) represents one of the important strategies for water management in drought-prone areas and deteriorating water resources. In the Chaobai Plain area, MAR has been effectively implemented, leading to a rise in groundwater levels. However, the effects of this process on land subsidence remain not fully understood. Based on recent studies, a comprehensive analysis of the impacts of MAR was conducted using synthetic aperture radar data, strain measurements, and groundwater level observations. The results revealed the phenomenon of land uplift, where uplift rates increased from 2.3 mm/year in 2015 to 20 mm/year in 2021. This phenomenon is not merely a result of increased groundwater but is also influenced by ground structure and the uneven distribution of groundwater. For instance, in areas near fault lines, significant impacts were observed on uplift, indicating the ability of faults to control ground movement.
When understanding the effects of MAR on land subsidence, multiple factors must be considered, such as reduced permeability in fault areas, which hinders groundwater flow in elevated regions. Moreover, geological characteristics also affect land recovery; sandy soils showed greater uplift compared to areas with low sandy loam. This study supports emphasizing the interaction between groundwater systems, recharge practices, and ground changes, allowing for better strategies to protect the environment and ensure sustainable development.
Geological Characteristics and Their Effects on Land Subsidence
Understanding the geological characteristics of the area is crucial in studying the impacts of Managed Aquifer Recharge and land subsidence. The study area is located in the upper part of the Chaobai Plain, characterized by heterogeneous distributions of fluvial deposits. The area experiences significant variations in the thickness of Quaternary deposits, ranging from 50 meters in the northern regions to 1100 meters in the southern areas, affecting hydrological dynamics and leading to changes in groundwater levels. These increases in groundwater levels effectively lead to increased stress on the land, causing subsidence in the front regions with fault lines.
To study this relationship, major buried fault lines were identified that play a significant role in influencing ground shape. These faults are classified as normal faults under the influence of gravitational stress and their movement has been studied over different time periods. These studies show that the ongoing activity of these faults, which may manifest in the cessation of land subsidence, is likely to control the movement of groundwater, thereby enhancing subsidence or even recovery in areas near the faults.
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In general, the relationship between the structure of the earth and changes in groundwater levels is a dynamic one, where the importance of groundwater highlights the geological structure surrounding it as a key controlling factor in this context.
Techniques Used in Measuring Ground Changes
Modern techniques such as Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) are powerful tools in studying ground changes. Since its launch in 2007, the Radarsat-2 system has provided high-resolution data for understanding land subsidence in the area. Through PS-InSAR technology, the collected data is analyzed to understand earth movement and accurately estimate subsidence levels.
Satellite radar data is used to identify stable points that help measure ground changes without the influence of weather factors or inconsistencies. The information extracted from images is processed through a statistical approach that allows for precise analysis of phase differences reflecting subsidence or uplift. This technology enables researchers to separate various effects to provide a comprehensive analysis of earth movement over a specific period.
Other techniques such as strain measurements are also part of this analysis, contributing to providing confirmed and reliable data regarding groundwater levels and ground changes. By integrating these data, the multifaceted impacts and patterns associated with land subsidence can be better understood, paving the way for effective strategies to monitor and assess changes in the future.
The Importance of Continuous Research and Monitoring in Groundwater Management
It is not enough to understand short-term impacts; attention must be given to the importance of continuous research and long-term monitoring of ongoing changes. All new findings regarding MAR impacts indicate complex dynamics between the groundwater system and land changes, thus it is essential to maintain ongoing monitoring of these systems. This research should include new strategies for groundwater recharge that provide accurate information to aid in informed decision-making regarding the development of water management strategies.
The better we understand these changes, the more effectively we can prepare strategies to adapt and control potential negative impacts. Future studies should focus on building models based on radar data and multi-source monitoring, which helps in providing innovative solutions to address the challenges associated with environmental changes. Utilizing these insights will enable communities to achieve sustainable development that ensures environmental protection and improves quality of life.
PS-InSAR Technology and Its Accuracy in Measuring Surface Deformations
The InSAR technique (Interferometric Radar), particularly the PS-InSAR method, is one of the most effective and accurate methods for measuring surface deformity, and is commonly used to monitor ground movements. This technique allows for the acquisition of accurate, sustainable, and reliable information regarding surface deformations, with annual deformation rates achieved through this method reaching millimeter levels.
The process of processing satellite images in the PS-InSAR technique relies on several key steps. First, the master image is selected based on information that includes spatiotemporal metrics, Doppler shifts, and the number of datasets. Researchers must crop optical images according to the study area, allowing for the identification of the processable area. Subsequently, the coordinate assignment relationship between the master image and each SAR image is calculated in both directions.
Once the image processing is complete, a specific interferometry technique is used to determine N differential interferograms, providing precise details about surface deformations through the analysis of various image components. Strong scatter points with stable characteristics are considered reference points for analyzing other parts of the image. Studies rely on stabilizing the complex function model for surface deformation by integrating various parameters such as elevation error, linear deformation, and thermal deformation, thereby enhancing the accuracy of the extracted results.
Data
Ground and Groundwater Monitoring
The data extracted from ground stations such as Station J1 for measuring land subsidence equipped with stratigraphic sensors at varying depths is a valuable source for understanding the characteristics of soil deformations. The sensor data spans from 2004 to 2021 and is useful for extrapolating the relationship between ground layer deformation and groundwater levels. The architecture of the station and the locations where measurements were taken highlight the significant role of groundwater in determining critical deformation levels.
Data on groundwater levels were collected from 53 observation wells, reflecting accurate hydraulic parameters of the groundwater. These data are collected monthly, and their analysis provides insights into changes in pressure effectiveness and land movement as a result. For example, data from wells such as W1 and W2 were analyzed to monitor the relationship between underground water levels and surface changes.
The extracted data help clarify temporal patterns and their environmental impacts, facilitating studies related to how groundwater levels significantly affect soil deformation. Since groundwater decline can contribute to land subsidence, it is essential to understand its role in this context to develop effective strategies for maintaining ecological balance.
Analysis of Surface Deformation Measurement Results
Analyzing the results drawn from studies conducted in the area can help better understand the spatial patterns of land deformations. For instance, by comparing land deformation maps from different years, patterns of land subsidence in southern areas are evident, reaching rates of up to -83.8 mm/year, whereas land uplift was documented in certain areas like the Shuni region in 2021.
Data analysis reflects detailed results on ground recovery processes, where the formation of ground layers and their relationship with surface faults may be among the primary factors leading to those changes. The complex geological structure of the area, such as the presence of pre-existing faults, contributes to the formation of various patterns of ground movement.
Understanding these parameters will help enhance the accuracy resulting from processing PS-InSAR data, and it will also enable the development of predictive models that measure the impact of changing factors, such as weather conditions and groundwater elevations, on surface deformation. Precise analysis can aid in identifying areas most susceptible to risks, serving as a major input for increasing safety through pre-planning.
Correlation between Groundwater Levels and Climate Deformations
Studies focus on uncovering the precise relationship between groundwater levels and ground deformations, where previous research has shown that increased pressure resulting from elevated groundwater levels can lead to land recovery. Monitoring data indicates that fluctuations in groundwater levels on either side of faults significantly affect the area of land recovery.
Fifty-three automated observation wells were used to monitor changes in water levels from 2014 to 2021, where a noticeable increase in groundwater levels was observed, especially on the lower side of the NSY fault, where the increase recorded a peak nearly reaching 50 m.
Such observations are crucial for understanding the chemical and physical relationship between land structures and groundwater levels. It is also important to note how these factors interact with uplifts and depressions, which helps provide valuable information for sustainable environmental study projects.
Increase in Groundwater Levels After Water Management Improvement Operations
Studies have shown that Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) resulted in a 10.71% increase in groundwater levels after the implementation of operations in 2018. This is critically important as it indicates the effectiveness of water management strategies in improving hydrological conditions in the affected areas. Seasonal changes related to rainfall stress the importance of understanding the dynamics associated with groundwater. One study indicates a strong discrepancy in water levels on both sides of the NSY fault, reflecting the complex impacts of the water cycle and its relation to geological changes in the region.
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The scene of groundwater levels in 53 wells from 2015 to 2021 shows a clear pattern in changes in underground water, which calls for attention to the side effects that may affect the balance of the ecosystem and agricultural lands. This information assists in providing a framework for improving water management strategies and monitoring the impact of operations on biodiversity and surrounding ecosystems.
Geological Characteristics and Their Impact on Groundwater Levels
The geological characteristics of the NSY fault play a key role in the effects of groundwater levels. The longitudinal stratigraphic changes discovered during the drilling process illustrate that there is a clear overlap between low-permeability retention units and high-permeability groundwater. According to previous studies, the presence of low-permeability formations can increase challenges in recharging groundwater. The presence of rock units with low permeability may slow down the flow of water between different areas, affecting the hydrological balance and causing delays in groundwater response to environmental changes.
Drilling and geological tests showed the existence of clear stratigraphic displacements and a tangible fault surface, supporting the idea that faults deeply influence the movement of groundwater. Observations indicate that the presence of a rock layer with low permeability can restrict water flow through the fault, leading to unexpected responses in water levels across different regions.
The Impact of Ground Loads on Contraction and Expansion
The interaction of groundwater with the geological infrastructure of the area results in a dual effect of contraction and expansion. Data confirm that water gradients lead to significant effects at depth, which may result in deformations in surface lands. By monitoring these changes, one can understand how land response is affected by rising groundwater levels. This impact directly relates to soil formations and the depth of different layers that interact with water movement and changes in water levels.
In areas with high sand content, greater emissions or more significant recovery of expansion are observed due to changes in water levels. Meanwhile, areas with clay composition experience weak responses to variations in water levels, resulting in higher ineffectiveness in land recovery. These factors are important in determining land management strategies aimed at reducing the risks of drying and improving water usage.
The Importance of Water Management Strategies in Facing Environmental Challenges
Water management strategies are gaining increasing importance in light of current environmental challenges. The results indicate that MAR represents the strongest tools available to address agricultural development problems resulting from declining groundwater levels. It has been found that recharge methods help to limit the decline of land levels due to the decrease in groundwater, leading to reduced agricultural effectiveness in many areas.
The changes along land lines between 2014 and 2021 indicate a significant shift from descent to ascent in the affected areas, facilitating discussions on sustainable development strategies that can be applied on a broader scale. Comprehensive points include improving monitoring systems, enhancing environmental awareness, and developing more advanced techniques for sustainably collecting and utilizing groundwater. There is also a need to focus on research and development to improve MAR strategies and maximize the benefits of available water resources.
Groundwater Management and Its Impact on Land Subsidence
Groundwater management is considered a key factor in reducing the phenomenon of land subsidence, which is a serious environmental problem affecting many cities and regions, especially in cases of over-extraction of groundwater. Land subsidence occurs as a result of changes in pressure and stress within the soil, leading to the collapse of earth layers due to moisture depletion and an increase in effective stress. In this context, the effects of this phenomenon can be clearly seen in the Beijing area, where the region has suffered noticeable and significant land subsidence over several decades due to increased groundwater consumption.
studies indicate that strategies for assessing water allocation play a crucial role in managing these resources. The use of technologies such as remote sensing and their application in collecting data related to groundwater levels has contributed to a deeper understanding of the main cause of land subsidence. For example, satellite data was used to analyze how groundwater depletion affects land subsidence in Beijing, and the results showed a significant improvement in water levels after implementing better management policies.
Additionally, sustainable management strategies, such as groundwater recharge, are effective tools not only in curbing land subsidence but also in enhancing groundwater levels. In some areas, these policies led to a shift in water levels, where lands that had suffered from subsidence showed remarkable improvement and began to ascend, a phenomenon known as land rebound. This process requires careful and appropriate planning to ensure its long-term sustainability.
Challenges Associated with Land Subsidence and Geological Defects
The challenges associated with land subsidence extend beyond management issues as they are linked to geogeological factors, where pre-existing faults significantly influence subsidence patterns and land deformation. Geological faults, although ancient, form natural barriers in water movement and pressure within the strata, which can lead to uneven land deformation. For instance, in Beijing, a subsidence area was observed to exceed 80 cm in some places, reflecting the strong influence of faults on soil nature.
It is important to understand how these geological structures interact with hydrological systems, as these interactions lead to specific patterns of bending and deformation. Unfortunately, the mechanisms of influence remain poorly understood, hindering efforts to rejuvenate groundwater sources in the area. Many studies indicate that these faults can restrict water flow and create boundaries to deformation, making the management of land subsidence more complex.
Addressing this issue requires a balanced approach between geological understanding and the implementation of water management strategies. Experts in geology and water resources must collaborate to ensure effective solutions are implemented at the right time for the affected areas.
Global Impact of Land Subsidence Phenomenon
Land subsidence is considered a global issue affecting nearly 19% of the world’s population, vulnerable and at risk by 2040. Subsidence is a serious consequence of the overexploitation of groundwater, one of the greatest challenges facing large cities. The impact of subsidence is not limited to the geological aspect but extends to infrastructure, increasing maintenance costs and endangering residents.
Regional subsidence affects various sectors, including agriculture and transportation. Agriculture suffers particularly as subsidence affects farmers’ ability to cultivate land and increases difficulties in accessing groundwater. In large cities, the problem can exacerbate traffic congestion, raise maintenance costs for housing infrastructure. Damage can reach levels that are irreparable in some cases, necessitating the reliance on sustainable solutions.
Alongside this type of challenge, it becomes essential to establish public awareness programs to ensure that local communities understand the threats and available options for sustaining water levels and enjoying a healthy environment. Success stories from various cities around the world can inspire the adoption of similar practices, facilitating adaptation and sustainable resource management.
Improvement and Renewal Strategies for Hydrological Resources
Given that groundwater management is at the core of addressing the phenomenon of land subsidence, developing effective strategies is an urgent necessity. This involves first understanding the dynamics of hydrology and ecosystems to ensure that management strategies are linked to the need for resource renewal. Research focuses on using modern technology such as remote sensing to improve water management efficiency, as well as modeling analysis tools to study the effects of current policies.
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For example, techniques such as InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) have been used to monitor changes in land levels. This technology provides an accurate picture of how water flow can affect land deformation over time. Integrating observation data in the development of management strategies is a critical step towards improving environmental conditions.
Achieving a balance between sustainable urban development and water source conservation is a fundamental element for ensuring successful management. Encouraging innovation in hydrological recharge methods and expanding water consumption practices contributes to improving resource sustainability. This requires sustainable management and effective rationalization of usage, as well as a stronger partnership between public and private institutions and non-profit organizations in the environmental field.
With increasing emphasis on environmental challenges, social and economic aspects must be considered an integral part of water management strategies to analyze changes and guide the process of containing negative impacts. It is necessary to leverage global partnerships and information sharing, which enhances innovation in final solutions to collectively address these phenomena.
Introduction
The processes of monitoring and analyzing land deformation are essential topics in geological studies, as they play a vital role in understanding earth movement and its impact on the surrounding environment. In this context, a set of geological and hydrological data has been used to understand how Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) affects land subsidence phenomena. Since the initiation of MAR in 2015, scientists have begun monitoring its impacts on land stability, particularly through the analysis of aggregated data from radar techniques and subsidence measurements.
Geological Setting of the Study
The study area is located on the upper and middle section of the Chaobai River alluvial fan, formed during the recent geological era due to river activities. The complexity of the geological environment in this region is attributed to the heterogeneous distribution of clay deposits. The thickness of the Quaternary sediments ranges from 50 meters in the northeastern areas to 1100 meters in the southwestern regions. Additionally, buried geological faults present further challenges to understanding the dynamics of the land. Faults such as the Galing Fault and the Shoni Fault significantly contribute to land deformations, with several periods of seismic activity having long-term impacts on the formation and appearance of the land.
Hydrological Environment and Groundwater Recharge
Water basins in the study area are categorized into four groups based on water type. Surface basins that are fed from rainfall and agricultural irrigation runoff are the primary drivers of recharge. MAR operations commenced in 2015, with over 500,000 cubic meters of groundwater being recharged by the end of 2020. The hydrological operations have been successful, leading to the re-stabilization of land affected by subsidence. This underscores the importance of developing water resource management techniques in drought-prone areas with declining groundwater.
Data Used in the Analysis
The data used in this research were sourced from multiple outlets, particularly from satellite data such as RadarSAT-2. The study of subsidence relies on the application of multiple radar techniques to obtain accurate information. A total of 70 scenes of data were collected between October 2014 and October 2021 using PS-InSAR technology. This data provides a comprehensive understanding of surface changes over time, contributing to the study of the impact of geological faults and rock fabric on land deformations. Working with the data requires complex steps to ensure accuracy in measuring points and dealing with influencing factors such as atmospheric moisture and land level factors.
Results of Data Analysis and Interpretation
The results obtained from the data analysis show significant variations in subsidence rates before and after the commencement of recharge operations. For instance, a noticeable decrease in subsidence rates was observed in areas that underwent water replenishment compared to other areas. These results provide tangible evidence of the impact of MAR on improving land stability and offering sustainable solutions to the subsidence problems caused by groundwater depletion. These findings emphasize the importance of increasing groundwater budgets through precise water management policies, which help correct land deformations.
Challenges
Future Prospects
Despite the positive results, there are still significant challenges facing water resource management in the region. Geological and human factors together influence changes related to weather and groundwater. It is crucial to develop sustainable studies that take into account the long-term impacts of global climate processes on groundwater balance. Collaboration between scientists and government entities should also be strengthened to ensure the implementation of effective strategies to improve water resource sustainability and reduce the frequency of subsidence.
Practical Applications of the Results
The results drawn from the study of geological impacts and increased water resources align with the effective use of geological knowledge in urban and agricultural planning. Considering the integration of these results with water management systems can contribute to improving environmental sustainability. Using satellite technology as part of land monitoring strategies can provide a more accurate understanding of the changes occurring in urban and rural areas. The MAR project is a good example of how science can be used to address challenging environmental issues such as subsidence.
Land Deformation Analysis Using PS-InSAR Techniques
Analysis of land deformations requires precise tools for data analysis and a comprehensive understanding of the causes and consequences. Techniques like PS-InSAR (Persistent Scatterer Interferometry) are used to infer information about surface changes, measuring variations in elevations and deformations over time. One important aspect of this analysis is identifying the geological layers that record the changes, which has been detailed through measurements at the J1 station included in the monitoring data.
The data indicates that measurements of land extension enable researchers to infer differences in groundwater pressure and its effects on deformations. The groundwater level of the rock water association reflects its hydraulic standards, and studies have been conducted on data collected from 53 wells over the years from 2014 to 2021. This assessment is then used to determine the extent of land deformations over time, and within specified time periods, the deformation index allows for distinguishing areas of subsidence and uplift.
Through graphical data analysis, it shows that significant changes have been measured in various areas, such as the southern regions that experienced notable deformations reaching -83.8 mm/year, while other areas like Shunyi recorded an increase in elevations at rates of +10 to +20 mm/year.
Impacts of Changing Groundwater Levels
Groundwater plays a crucial role in influencing land deformations, as rising water levels can lead to a process known as elastic rebound. This process occurs when water levels rise, creating additional pressure within the groundwater reservoirs. The results showed a significant increase in groundwater levels at 90% of monitoring points, indicating that changes in water levels have a direct impact on the rate of deformation.
During the research, monitored wells located on either side of old faults were studied, revealing significant differences between water levels on each side of the faults. For example, one monitoring well on the southern side of the fault showed an increase of approximately 10.71 after water recovery control operations. This indicates that the correlation between groundwater levels and land deformation processes can have profound effects on the geological structures present in the area.
Changes in groundwater levels, such as those resulting from earthquakes and faulting, and their subsequent impacts — indicate a certain degree of response from the land structures to these factors. For instance, the presence of areas with low permeability around faults can lead to water retention and reduced flow, affecting the surrounding terrain and leading to unexpected deformations.
Assessment
Data Accuracy and Use of Standard References
To ensure the reliability of the results obtained from PS-InSAR techniques, repetitive measurement operations were utilized in comparison with specific measurement points that were carefully distributed within the studied areas. Through measurements carried out on fifteen reference points, the accuracy of the PS-InSAR measurements was evaluated. This assessment included adjustments for the absence of permanent scatter points, allowing for comparisons based on varying measurements within a buffer area.
The results showed a significant agreement with the adopted subsidence measurement rates, with errors ranging from 1 to 7.5 mm, indicating the reliability of the acknowledged data. This is considered a crucial part of the analytical process as it provides an R-squared value of up to 0.976, indicating a high level of agreement between the obtained results.
This process occupies a central role in the research conclusions, as it allows for analyses on spatial patterns of ground deformation. The integration of traditional measurements with modern approaches enhances our understanding of ground changes and ensures greater accuracy in determining the dimensions of atmospheric and hydrological impacts on the studied environment.
Interaction Between Ground Deformations and Geological Faults
The presence of geological faults significantly affects ground deformation patterns, either through its ability to create areas with variable permeabilities or through its interaction with hydrological processes. In the research, ancient faults such as the NSY and GLY faults were mentioned and how they influence groundwater dynamics.
Data concerning the faults were analyzed to determine the extent of deformations occurring at specific points. Through the faults, areas of subsidence and uplift were observed, indicating the geological differences in the surrounding area. Graphical models showed that the forces resulting from uplift and subsidence directly reflect the impact of faults on the ground structures.
When comparing different measurement points, researchers noted that the areas surrounding the faults had varying ratios of hydraulic pressure, which directly relates to groundwater levels. Faults imply that the amount of hydraulic capacity in the area can be variable, leading to the formation of areas with higher elevations or greater depressions depending on the distribution of the surrounding geological layers.
Understanding Groundwater Flow Dynamics
Groundwater flow dynamics refer to the subsurface movement of water and its impact on land formation. The conceptual model of water flow (Figure 8A) illustrates the natural patterns of groundwater flow. Various factors, such as soil composition and stratigraphy, lead to the creation of specific patterns in water flow. These patterns are influenced by several factors, one of which is the presence of ground faults, such as the NSY fault, which can affect groundwater movement to and from various layers. Results indicate significant variability in responses of groundwater levels between the low valley and the high valley, leading to different impacts on land recharge.
Impact of Groundwater Recharge on Water Table Levels
Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) is an effective technique for improving groundwater levels, and it is a process that leads to a noticeable recharge of water within water basins. The principle of effectiveness is crucial in understanding how MAR can lead to the recharge of groundwater layers, especially in areas such as the low valley of the NSY fault. However, studies indicate that there is a slow accumulation of water in the high valley, leading to less recharge compared to other areas. These phenomena highlight the importance of the tectonic fabric of the earth and its complex interaction with hydrological systems.
Effect of Geological Fabric on Ground Recharge
Soil composition significantly contributes to how responsive the ground is to rising groundwater levels. Research indicates notable differences in land elevation based on the geological makeup of the soil. For instance, soils with a high sand content demonstrate greater responsiveness to rising water levels compared to clay soils. These results emphasize the need to understand the geological characteristics of the soil in developing effective strategies for managing groundwater and surface water.
Monitoring
Lunar Systems and Their Impact on Understanding Land Subsidence
Satellite observation technologies such as InSAR provide unprecedented insights into changes in land level resulting from groundwater depletion. Temporal analysis of data between 2014 and 2021 reveals a significant shift from land subsidence to continuous uplift. This effective technology enables researchers to monitor areas prone to land subsidence and identify regions experiencing notable increases in land level, thereby enhancing the understanding of geological and hydrological processes.
Research and Development in Land Subsidence Management
Addressing the phenomenon of land subsidence requires the development of multifaceted strategies that encompass natural and engineering sciences. Researchers encourage the integration of groundwater studies with geological data and satellite observations to compile a comprehensive picture of land conditions. These studies provide insights into how regions cope with climate change and manage water resources. Recommendations indicate the potential application of water drainage management techniques more effectively to mitigate the effects of subsidence and protect surrounding environments.
Geological Monitoring of Land Subsidence Due to Mining Activities
Monitoring land subsidence resulting from mining activities represents a significant challenge in geological engineering. In this context, multiple observation techniques are used, such as Radarsat-2, Sentinel-1, and ALOS-2 data. The use of X-ray and radar technology contributes to providing accurate and reliable information regarding the state of land subsidence. These techniques rely on long-term analysis of ground observation data to identify hazardous subsidence areas. For example, DInSAR data analysis has been used to interpret changes in land elevation and identify key factors affecting the environment. Additionally, image recognition techniques can assist in a more precise understanding of changes in soil and surrounding aquatic bodies.
Land Uplift Issues Linked to Managed Aquifer Recharge
The California water supply project is a successful example of how to link groundwater recharge with land uplift. By leveraging aquifer management improvement techniques, greater surface stability can be achieved, preventing erosion or subsidence in related areas. In a region like the Perth Basin in Australia, land uplift has been closely associated with water recharge, leading to improved quality and enabling sustainable development. A study conducted by Parker and colleagues in 2021 provided evidence of the effectiveness of aquifer management strategies, as the results showed a significant increase in land elevation in areas where water management strategies were applied.
Exploring Active Faults Using Geophysical Systems
Geophysical systems are an effective means of identifying active faults beneath the Earth’s surface. A recent study in Beijing utilized integrated geophysical exploration and drilling to uncover the active fault belts in the Chongwei area. The results were striking, as the data revealed soil cracks that could lead to sustained subsidence in neighboring regions. This type of study is of great importance in understanding soil dynamics and geological phenomena that may lead to natural disasters such as earthquakes or landslides. By using geophysical data, models for predicting these events can be improved, and appropriate engineering consultations can be provided.
Land Subsidence and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities
Agricultural regions face numerous challenges associated with land subsidence. For instance, a study on land subsidence in the Mashhad plain in northeastern Iran showed significant impacts on agricultural production. The results indicated that surface changes could negatively affect agricultural systems, necessitating the development of risk mitigation strategies. These strategies could include improving water management and cultivating crops resistant to changing weather conditions. Additionally, research in this field holds opportunities for developing sustainable agricultural practices and applying modern technology to enhance resource efficiency.
Transformation
Groundwater: Effects on the Earth’s Surface
Human activities, such as extracting and recharging groundwater, lead to significant impacts on land subsidence and uplift. In the city of Shanghai, for example, studies have shown that prolonged groundwater extraction resulted in sustained land subsidence. However, after implementing policies for water recharge, a positive shift in uplift was observed. This shift represents an important case study illustrating how effective management of water resources can affect quality of life and the environment as a whole. It is crucial to develop a framework based on international best practices to achieve a balance between natural resources and economic development.
Future Trends in Subsidence Research and Resource Management
Research in the field of land subsidence is moving towards the use of advanced technologies such as machine learning and big data analysis to improve predictions of ground behavior. This technology provides new opportunities for scientists and engineers to understand geological patterns more accurately, leading to the development of better management plans. Additionally, sustainable strategies should be integrated into urban planning to ensure the safety of infrastructure and resources. Collaboration between countries in knowledge and technology exchange can enhance the capacity to address challenges related to land subsidence.
Source link: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2024.1469772/full
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