Modern quantum technologies are the cornerstone in developing advanced solutions to enhance national defense, as they allow for unprecedented measurement of forces and radiations, contributing to improved data collection and analysis, as well as enhancing communications and developing materials and weapons. In this article, we review the use of quantum technologies, such as quantum sensors, which open new horizons for detecting objects underground or underwater. With increasing international investments, such as the $45 million project launched by the U.S. Department of Defense to integrate quantum components in weapon systems, the urgent need to develop ethical policies governing the use of these technologies arises, given the potential risks they may pose, including violations of privacy and security. We will address the six principles we have proposed to guide the design and development of quantum technologies in defense areas, aiming to ensure that these innovations contribute to enhancing social values rather than threatening them.
Quantum Technologies in Defense and Their Impact on Data Collection and Analysis
Quantum technologies are considered one of the most significant developments in the field of sciences, particularly regarding defense. These technologies enable the precise measurement of specific forces and various radiations, opening new horizons for data collection and analysis using different methods. The quantum sensor, for instance, is used to measure local gravity using freely falling atoms, providing higher accuracy in detecting objects, whether underground or underwater.
There is growing global interest in this field. In 2023, the U.S. Department of Defense announced a $45 million project aimed at integrating quantum components into weapon systems to increase targeting accuracy. Additionally, the British Army has tested a quantum-based navigation system that cannot be jammed. This trend reflects the importance of quantum technologies in enhancing military capabilities and increasing the effectiveness of military operations by improving methods of information collection and analysis.
Moreover, the development of quantum communication systems that are resilient to jamming could revolutionize command and control areas, as these systems could contribute to achieving secure and hard-to-jam communications. Of course, this requires massive investments and research efforts to develop and test these technologies to ensure their success in military applications.
Ethical Risks Associated with Using Quantum Technologies
Despite the many benefits of quantum technologies, they carry ethical risks that can significantly affect society. Among these risks is the ability to break encryption standards, which could lead to unauthorized access to highly sensitive information. The sanctity of information is one of the foundations upon which modern digital societies are built, and breaking these barriers could have dire consequences for individuals and nations alike.
Furthermore, the use of quantum sensors can enhance surveillance operations, which might threaten fundamental rights such as privacy and freedom of communication. These challenges raise significant ethical issues, as it becomes essential to seek a balance between the effective use of military technologies and the preservation of civil liberties.
One example of these risks is what is known as the “responsibility gap,” where it is challenging to determine responsibility for outcomes resulting from the use of quantum algorithms in certain cases. This necessitates having clear standards for oversight and auditing to ensure transparency and fairness. It is crucial to understand that technology itself is not neutral; decisions regarding its design and development directly affect its ethical impacts.
The Need for Ethical Governance of Quantum Technologies
It is essential to develop a specific ethical governance framework for quantum technologies, especially in defense areas. So far, little work has been done on this governance despite the recognition expressed by some defense organizations of this need. NATO’s system and the warnings issued by the National Defense Authorization Act in the United States show that this issue is still under discussion and that there is an urgent need to build effective governance strategies that align with advanced technologies.
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Seizing the opportunity to develop ethical governance is vital. The proposed proactive ethical approach calls for understanding the ethical risks and opportunities that may arise during the design and development phases. The necessity to work on appropriate governance frameworks before the widespread use of quantum technologies is considered crucial to ensure a chance to control the directions that these technologies may take in the future.
For example, in governance areas, models could be built to classify the risks that may arise during the use of quantum technologies, allowing defense organizations to prioritize addressing these concerns. This can be done using classifications such as “known knowns” or “known unknowns,” which will help organize the efforts made to monitor and optimally arrange the needs to achieve maximum benefit with minimal risk.
Challenges of Using Quantum Technologies in Defense Applications
While quantum technologies are viewed as an opportunity for innovation and development, there are several technological challenges that need to be addressed. The use of quantum sensors and other technologies still requires a lot of experimentation and development to ensure their effectiveness. For example, many quantum technologies require complex cooling systems, making them impractical for practical use. For instance, IBM’s cooling system called Goldeneye illustrates the difficulties, weighing over 6 tons. These logistical issues make investment in these technologies more complex.
Another matter that defense organizations need to consider is the environmental issues related to the extraction of materials necessary for these technologies. For example, the production of quantum technology relies on rare elements that may have negative environmental impacts resulting from their extraction processes. Therefore, there should be robust strategies to mitigate these environmental damages.
The lack of clarity regarding whether these technologies will become small, lightweight, and energy-efficient enough to meet defense needs is not merely a technological challenge, but it also reflects social and ethical complexities that require deep awareness. Ethical governance must evolve in parallel with technological innovations to ensure optimal use. Ultimately, ensuring that quantum technology is used in a way that enhances human values rather than undermines them is essential for the future defense direction.
Ethical Challenges of Quantum Technology
Quantum technology leverages the unique properties of subatomic particles, enabling it to process information in ways that exceed traditional computing techniques. However, this technology brings clear ethical challenges that require deep considerations from the very beginning of its use. Among these challenges are concerns about harmful or malicious uses of this technology, such as quantum hacking that may threaten data security. Governments and stakeholders must work together to develop an ethical framework that defines specific requirements and controls for this use. In other words, it is crucial to think quickly about potential risks, reflecting the importance of joint analysis among scientists, engineers, and practitioners in defense and human rights fields.
This task requires a comprehensive classification of risks, meaning that experts in international humanitarian laws and technology sciences must be included. This trend can lead to strategies aimed at preventing authoritarian regimes from using quantum technology, achieving a balance between innovation and ethical sustainability. We must be aware of ways to mitigate risks by implementing effective precautionary systems and conducting research on the potential uses of this technology in both military and civilian aspects. Ultimately, these challenges emphasize the importance of addressing ethical issues in quantum technology early on.
Impact
Quantum Technology and National Security
The current geopolitical environment is characterized by intense competition, as countries strive to bolster their defensive capabilities and seek strategic advantages. This raises questions about how to prioritize national interests and the significance of quantum technology in this context. In light of the drive for technology and national security, countries should take considered steps in expanding research related to quantum technology. It is crucial for policymakers to collaborate with nations and international partners to regulate the use of these technologies, enhancing their potential global benefits. For instance, by developing standardized measures and mechanisms for inter-country cooperation, conflicts can be reduced and mutual benefits increased.
It is essential for military strategies to be based on well-understood foundations, including coordination with national and international research centers, as well as with institutions employing technology for civilian purposes. Governments need to take proactive measures to ensure the broader use of quantum technology, safeguarding human values and establishing strong legal controls. Military power should be alert to the risks of isolation from joint development and the establishment of professional standards at this stage. Therefore, information sharing and cooperation among stakeholders will expedite the integration of quantum technology into defense services.
Harnessing Quantum Capabilities Responsibly
The overarching philosophy for using quantum technology is based on the necessity to harness it in accordance with ethical and security principles. This technology offers exceptional capabilities; however, we must be mindful of the risks associated with its applications in military affairs. Countries should benefit from independent experts in assessing the risks and challenges related to the technology, as well as allocate resources to develop systems that align with ethical standards. It is imperative to provide opportunities for nations and concerned entities to explore the best ways to make quantum technology an attraction and benefit, leading to positive impacts on communities.
This process requires readiness to build a shared framework of protocols and visions focusing on the societal benefits of quantum technology. Defense ministries should integrate with civil society institutions alongside foreign partners to create effective strategies driven by innovation. No institution can advance alone; a genuine partnership based on trust between scientific, technological, and military teams is essential. The ability to leverage this technology and maximize its benefits requires effective interaction among all actors. Only when military and civilian visions are integrated can the true benefits of quantum technology be realized in both security and sustainable development.
Source link: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-03376-4
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