Stainless steel 17-7PH is a crucial element in the aerospace industry due to its superior advantages in strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance. The joining of structural components using welding techniques is a critical application, as welded joints face dynamic and static stresses in complex environments characterized by factors such as high temperatures and humidity. In this context, surface treatment techniques like “Laser Shock Peening” (LSP) play an important role in enhancing the mechanical properties and microstructure of welded components. This article explores the effect of LSP treatment with varying energy levels on the surface integrity of stainless steel 17-7PH, highlighting the findings from studies, including improvements in fatigue properties and corrosion resistance. By providing a comprehensive analysis of the microstructure, mechanical properties, and surface smoothness, this research aims to shed light on the potential of this technology as an innovative option for achieving effective protection in the aerospace field.
Structural Safety and Applications of Stainless Steel in Aerospace
PH stainless steels are strategic materials in the aerospace industry, known for their high strength and corrosion resistance. They are commonly used in sensitive applications such as aircraft engine structures and landing gear, where they are subjected to complex conditions that require withstanding harsh working environments like humidity and high temperatures. Studies have shown that the welded joints of these materials may experience high static and dynamic stresses, often leading to risk factors such as cracking due to corrosion and fatigue.
Therefore, improving the surface quality of welded joints is essential to ensure aircraft safety. One effective tool for enhancing the surface and mechanical properties of materials is the application of techniques such as “Laser Shock Peening” (LSP), which has proven effective in reducing susceptibility to cracking and wear.
Laser Shock Peening (LSP) Technology and Its Impact on Stainless Steel
Laser Shock Peening (LSP) is an innovative method for improving the resistance to corrosion and fatigue of metal materials. This technology relies on using a high-energy laser beam to generate a shock wave, which enhances the microstructural arrangement of the material. In the case of stainless steel 17-7PH, research has shown that the application of LSP leads to the refinement of crystal grains and enhances hardness properties.
The application of LSP on stainless steel 17-7PH has shown that increasing laser energy density results in improved mechanical properties. For example, a significant increase in micro-hardness was achieved when using an energy density of 2.79 GW/cm², reaching a hardness value of 462.94 HV0.5, reflecting a remarkable improvement compared to untreated samples.
Moreover, the effect of LSP on surface properties such as roughness is also an important factor. Research has shown that increasing energy density leads to increased surface roughness, enhancing the material’s ability to resist wear. In the case of stainless steel 17-7PH, surface roughness increased compared to previous experiments, indicating the potential for improving material properties for various applications in the aerospace industry.
Experimental Methodology for Studying Welded Joint Properties
The study of the effect of LSP on stainless steel 17-7PH requires an integrated methodology that includes test sample preparation, welding techniques, and measurement tools used to analyze microstructural properties. A double argon arc welding method was used to produce welded joints, with welding parameters specified based on the material properties and dimensions.
After the welding process, the surface was treated using multiple methods such as polishing and oxide removal to ensure a clean surface before applying the LSP technique. Changes in the microstructural arrangement were studied using advanced techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to investigate the effect of LSP on the crystal structure.
The results showed that laser shock peening stimulates the transformation of the microscopic structure of the materials. Grain size decreases, resulting in a more cohesive crystalline structure. This improvement significantly reflects on fundamental properties such as strength and corrosion resistance, dispelling the notion that traditional processing methods may be insufficient to ensure the safety of aircraft structures. In these contexts, enhancing the industrial community’s awareness of the application of techniques like LSP is an urgent necessity to drive progress in aerospace technology.
Results
Research and Scientific Importance
This study provides important insights into the effects of LSP techniques on 17-7PH stainless steel, where significant improvements in mechanical and surface properties of the materials have been demonstrated. It appears that using improved processing parameters results in reduced cracking and increases service life, which greatly contributes to enhancing the structural safety of aircraft.
On a practical level, the results presented represent a new opportunity to improve engineering design planning and material selection for aircraft structures, enabling engineers to optimize performance and increase service life of structures under complex operational conditions. The limitations of this research open wide horizons for further future studies to explore the effects of LSP on other materials and in more diverse applications, ensuring sustainable development in the aerospace field.
Welding Process and Microstructural Changes
The welding process is one of the fundamental operations in industry, requiring a delicate balance between heat and cooling to achieve optimal cohesion between materials. However, these processes pose challenges related to uneven heat distribution, leading to the emergence of fine welds that reflect the microstructural architectures. In this context, the role of laser welding technology comes into play, which is an innovative method that uses lasers to generate intense localized heat, resulting in noticeable effects on the internal structure of the welded materials.
According to the Fabbro model (Fabbro et al., 1990), the laser generates shock waves resulting from breaking the material’s threshold. This generated pressure leads to slip within the grains of the materials, causing displacement lines to form. As a result, the reduction in grain size helps improve the mechanical properties of the materials, leading to their strength and durability.
Research has shown that energy concentration through techniques such as “Laser Shock Peening” (LSP) contributes to improving weld properties by activating dynamic recrystallization stages, where smaller grains form in the microstructural fabric. This can be clearly observed when using specific laser energy densities, as it is found that the grains after LSP reduced to sizes around 8 micrometers, and with increasing energy, the grains become longer and smaller, reaching sizes of up to 3 micrometers. This improvement in size indicates the effectiveness of the laser welding process in enhancing structural integrity.
Analysis of Pressure and Temperature Effects on Material Structure
The shock waves generated by the LSP technique have a strong impact on the material structure, as they significantly increase surface pressure and temperatures, leading to fundamental changes in the internal composition. This process acts as a catalyst for displacement and disruption of bonds, resulting in a dynamic environment that contributes to mechanical reshaping. This type of effect reminds us of the importance of balancing low and high temperatures associated with coating or repair processes.
The concept of structural change affected by pressure is related to the extent of forming internal defects, such as voids and precipitates. The presence of these defects is essential for forming new materials, as they contribute to enhancing ductility. These interactions strengthen the crystalline structure, increasing the materials’ hardness. Research utilizing X-rays has shown that the presence of oxidized phases clearly contributes to forming a preferred orientation for certain textures, such as the α-Fe phase. It has long been known that these phases influence how materials behave under mechanical stress.
Therefore, the results are not limited to enhancing the physical properties of materials but also include their ability to resist wear and the impact of environmental factors. Methods such as LSP have become essential in aerospace, energy, and civil engineering fields, and as demonstrated, every aspect of material formation is intertwined with technological advancement and the pursuit of better understanding the nature of mechanical building.
Surface Morphology Analysis and LSP Effects
Considered
Surface analysis is a critical element in understanding how modern technologies affect materials. 3D analysis of 17-7PH stainless steel surfaces before and after applying LSP shows significant changes in shape and texture. The surface before the process was smooth, but it displayed some fine wrinkles resulting from the polishing process. This initial form is part of the fundamental preparation of the surface; however, it lacks some engineering properties.
Upon applying high energy from the laser, these wrinkles began to gradually diminish, as the uneven distribution of energy contributes to reshaping the surface. The enhancement of adjacent areas created a new environment that aids in the growth of a new surface form. These stages are essential for promoting the smooth homogeneity of the surface, making it more effective in specific applications. These differences become even more pronounced when using X-rays; the clear image reveals which waves generated are close to the surfaces, as the material sliding could pose a challenge at the strength level.
By evaluating surface roughness, we can determine the extent of LSP’s impact. X-rays show that the measurement accurately assesses the change in roughness associated with increasing laser power; this aids in reducing gaps within solid materials. Measurements indicate that roughness increases after treatment, signaling the importance of controlling the specific conditions of the applied energy. These risks are evident, as increased roughness could lead to weak points where external factors could damage the material. Therefore, precise controls over the quality and treatment of materials remain essential to ensure outstanding and long-lasting performance.
Microhardness Analysis and the Impact of Weak Points
Microhardness is a vital indicator of a material’s ability to resist cracking under stress. Results have revealed that LSP application significantly contributes to increasing hardness in 17-7PH stainless steel. This analysis is considered a primary tool for determining structural strength overall, as measurements align to ensure that materials endure any impact in an organized manner. With each melting or substitution process, it is expected that the mechanical properties chart will accumulate to provide a clearer idea of how the material responds to all types of forces.
The values resulting from surface hardness before and after treatment clearly reflect the positive impact of microstructural improvements. The increase in microhardness measured via Vickers indicates that the LSP process has created a more effective internal distribution system of the defining factors. This contracting shows that the presence of small crystal edges with displacement lines keeps material interactions and response flexible, which in turn ensures the overall safety of the material. This is not just a minor improvement, but a fundamental approach to assessing and confirming the efficiency of materials in industrial applications.
Thus, designers and engineers must proactively work to ensure effective leverage of laser welding technology, reflecting on the materials’ resistance to corrosion and rust while adhering to new industrial standards. Ultimately, modern manufacturing processes’ reliance on precise operations like LSP represents a vital mass for driving innovation in multiple fields that depend on the strength and durability of the materials used.
Enhanced Performance of Steel Weld Joints After Laser Shock Treatment
The importance of research related to metal industries, particularly in the aviation sector, lies in its ability to significantly improve the functionality of metal joints. Weld joints made of 17-7PH stainless steel were treated using laser shock technology, which has proven effective in enhancing mechanical properties. The results showed a significant increase in surface hardness, reaching 462.94 HV0.5 after applying laser power of 5.17 GW/cm2, representing an improvement of 22.26% compared to the pre-treatment state. This is not just a random result, but a product of many interactions that arise at the microstructure level of the materials.
Results
research to the fact that the depth of the grain refinement layer resulting from laser shock processing does not exceed several tens of micrometers. Additionally, hardness shows a gradual decrease as the depth of the sample increases, demonstrating the immediate and surface-related effects that occur. Furthermore, research has confirmed that the treatment contributes to the transformation of austenite into martensite, enhancing rebound energy and increasing impact resistance.
Structural Changes Resulting from Laser Shock Technology
Results have shown that laser shock leads to a reduction in grain size in materials, with grain sizes shrinking to 2-5 micrometers at the highest laser energy density. This structural change is considered very important, as it directly impacts the mechanical properties of the material. For instance, decreasing grain size can increase yield strength and plastic deformation, which are critical factors in applications requiring materials with high resistance to wear and corrosion.
Moreover, the distribution of laser energy has led to an increase in plastic deformations on the surface, resulting in increased surface roughness. This reflects the direct relationship between energy density and surface properties, an important consideration when designing components using advanced manufacturing methods such as laser shock processing. The shock technique has also played a prominent role in developing precise mechanisms for critical components, such as aircraft landing gear, where this treatment has reduced maintenance costs while improving overall aircraft safety.
Practical Effects of Laser Shock Processing in the Aviation Industry
The aviation industry is one of the most sensitive industries regarding performance and safety. Here, enhancing the mechanical properties of metallic components is crucial in ensuring aircraft safety and performance efficiency. With increasing pressure on airlines to meet safety standards, these companies need modern techniques that enhance the strength and durability of the materials used.
Studies illustrate how laser shock technology contributes to increasing the effectiveness of resistances against various impacts in the aviation industry. This technology not only improves hardness but also reduces mechanical defects resulting from traditional manufacturing processes, increasing the ability to withstand actual stresses during flight. Additionally, laser processing can help reduce the overall weight of components, enhancing fuel efficiency and reducing carbon emissions.
However, there are still challenges in widely applying this technology. It requires ideal spatial conditions to ensure effective treatment, along with engineering complexities that some parts may face, leading to uneven effects in property enhancement.
Research Findings and Future Recommendations
The research findings are based on several in-depth experiments and precise analyses regarding the effects of laser shock on stainless steel weldments. The depth treated under laser influence showed a strong capacity to improve mechanical performance in critical applications. Given the clear results, there is a need to expand the research scope to include more types of steel and other metals, which may contribute to the development of new materials and make them safer and more efficient to use.
Future research can explore the impact of quantized repetition in the shock process, in addition to improving the management of environmental factors affecting treatment effectiveness. New equipment and advanced technology can be added to ensure consistent and effective results, potentially raising performance levels in the aviation industry and positively reflecting on safety and security.
Fatigue Resistance and Fracture Strength of Laser-Treated Duplex Stainless Steel
Duplex stainless steel (DSS) is considered a fundamental material used in engineering industries, especially in aerospace and aviation due to its outstanding properties such as high corrosion resistance and significant strength. In recent years, laser shock peening (LSP) technology has been utilized as an effective tool to enhance the mechanical properties of these materials. Studies show that the use of LSP can improve fatigue resistance and fracture strength of heat-treated stainless steel, reflecting its benefits in extending the service life of critical components subjected to high dynamic loads.
Evidence suggests that…
Recent research indicates that LSP techniques enhance surface hardness and increase the residual stress levels in materials, reducing the risk of wear and fracture. For instance, the research points out that strengthening the microscopic dimensions, such as reducing the grain size within the chemical composition of materials, leads to a significant improvement in mechanical properties.
One study indicated efforts to improve the fracture resistance of heat-treated duplex steel through LSP application. Techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) or scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to identify changes in the microstructure. It was concluded that the residual stresses resulting from LSP contribute to improving the materials’ resistance to fatigue-induced fractures.
Effects of Laser Shock Peening on the Mechanical Performance of Metals
Laser shock peening effects are among the technological innovations that have proven effective in enhancing the mechanical performance of metals. These techniques contribute to improving the level of residual stress and pressure distribution in the material’s microstructure. Importantly, these techniques are no longer confined to surface improvements but extend to include depth property enhancements.
Research indicates that the wear resistance properties improve significantly after LSP application, making the materials used in industrial applications more efficient and longer-lasting. For example, in harsh weather conditions or marine environments where materials are exposed to rust, using LSP is an important proactive step to mitigate damage caused by environmental conditions.
Furthermore, LSP has been shown to enhance the thermal properties of metals. Tests conducted on performing steel with laser shock peening indicated a significant reduction in susceptibility to cracking due to wear, making the materials more reliable for practical applications. According to notable research, the wear resistance of stainless steel increased after several LSP applications compared to conventional treatment.
Applications of Laser in Aerospace Industry
The aerospace industry is one of the fields that benefit the most from laser metal processing applications. The quality of materials used in manufacturing aircraft parts and engines requires reliable properties, such as wear resistance and structural durability under harsh thermal and mechanical conditions. Laser shock peening (LSP) significantly enhances these properties, making it an integral part of modern manufacturing processes.
One successful application case is the use of LSP to improve welding in aircraft components. Welded joints are among the weak areas that may lead to structural failure. By applying LSP after welding operations, mechanical properties can be enhanced, and exposure times to harmful factors can be reduced, thereby decreasing the risks of failure in critical components.
Moreover, research has shown that processing 17-7PH using LSP significantly improves hardness and reduces stress-induced fracture. In various projects where this type of material must be used under harsh conditions, results have demonstrated that safe aerospace structures require such innovations in material processing to ensure safety and high performance.
Current Status and Future Trends in LSP Technology Research
Laser shock peening (LSP) technology is experiencing momentum in research and development, with many academic and industrial institutions adopting this technique to enhance the mechanical performance of metals. Current trends include exploring the effects of LSP on various materials, including aluminum and copper, as well as specialized applications in military and automotive industries. In the near future, there is an expected increased need for research focused on practical applications of LSP technology and a deeper understanding of the side effects of using this technology.
With
increasing trends towards improving material sustainability and reducing maintenance costs, LSP emerges as a response to traditional challenges in metal processing. Future research aims to introduce methods that enhance manufacturing processes and reduce waste. Consequently, laser shock technology becomes central not only in improving material quality but also in making industries more efficient and sustainable.
Composition of Stainless Steel 17-7PH and Its Mechanical Properties
Stainless steel 17-7PH is considered one of the widely used grades in modern industries, characterized by a unique combination of mechanical and chemical properties. The composition of this steel consists of a precise ratio of carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chromium, and nickel, granting it high corrosion resistance and superior mechanical strength. The range of gauge in this type of steel varies between 93 mm, 20 mm, and 3 mm, facilitating its formation and use in various applications.
Its mechanical properties include low weight and high stiffness, making it a preferred choice in aerospace, aviation, and hydraulic tools. The use of techniques such as TIG welding and adjusting appropriate welding parameters plays a vital role in enhancing the connection between different parts of the final product. The final quality of welded joints depends significantly on the type of welding processes employed, which require precision in controlling all variables such as temperature and welding speed.
Chemical data represented in tables indicate that the precise composition of the steel significantly affects mechanical properties, such as toughness and stress resistance, aiding in the development of better applications in various fields. Since these properties play a fundamental role in determining the efficiency of materials in practical applications, they highlight the importance of stainless steel in achieving the desired performance in challenging environments.
Laser Processing Technology and Enhancement of Properties of 17-7PH Steel
Laser processing technology, known as laser shock processing, is one of the modern methods used to improve the properties of steel materials. This technique relies on using lasers to induce radical changes in the microstructure of materials, significantly enhancing their quality. A pulsed laser with a duration of 20 nanoseconds and a wavelength of 1,064 nanometers, having an effective area of up to 4 mm, was utilized, greatly improving processing effectiveness.
Laser shock processing (LSP) represents an important step in improving the quality of welded joints of 17-7PH steel, as it helps to reduce residual stresses, enhance strength and durability, and consequently increase the service life of materials. According to optimum parameters for laser processing, overlap rates of up to 70% were identified, which proved effective in achieving grain refinement effects. Furthermore, the pulse energy and specific laser distribution were determined based on the required applications, emphasizing the use of flowing water layers to prevent burning caused by the laser beam.
The laser shock processing method is based on the principle of thermal and mechanical effects resulting from the interaction of the laser with the surface of the material, which in turn leads to the fracturing of large grains and the formation of smaller, more cohesive structures. During the process, shock waves are generated, contributing to making the grain structure more refined, which helps enhance material stability and strength against various environmental factors.
Structural Analyses Using Advanced Techniques
A variety of analytical techniques were employed to study the effects resulting from laser shock processing on stainless steel 17-7PH. Among them, X-rays and emissions from electron microscopes were used, which are high-precision techniques for determining the fine components of materials. For example, data extracted from X-ray studies on the crystalline structure showed that the welded joints exhibit a body-centered cubic structure characterized by distinctive mechanical properties.
When
Comparing the structural data before and after processing, a significant distinction in grain formation was observed. The grain size was considerably reduced after applying laser processing techniques, which contributed to a notable improvement in mechanical properties. This effect not only enhanced the hardness of the materials but also increased their resistance to wear, a vital property in industrial applications.
The analytical studies relied on accurate measurements of micro-hardness, which showed positive results indicating a significant improvement in hardness after laser treatment. This change in hardness is evidence of the success of the processing, signifying that the treated 17-7PH steel has become more capable of withstanding stresses and impacts, thus making it suitable for more demanding applications in a safe and effective manner.
Surface Quality Analysis After Processing
The surface quality analysis post-processing stands out as a critical aspect in understanding the effects of the process on the materials. After using laser shock processing technology, notable improvements in the surface morphology of 17-7PH stainless steel can be observed. Before processing, the surface exhibited a smooth texture with fine lines resulting from previous manufacturing processes, but after treatment, the surface became smoother and better formed.
When analyzing the results of the particle measurements, it appears that laser processing has eliminated many challenges associated with surface texture, improving the adhesion capability of materials or coatings. These enhancements make it more suitable for applications that require high precision and reliability in performance.
The fine microstructure and improved mechanical properties are a direct result of the processing procedures, which play a fundamental role in enhancing the ability to withstand shocks and stresses. These features become particularly attractive for engineering projects that require superior performance steel materials. Moreover, the continuous improvement of the mechanical standards of materials highlights the importance of attention to detail in production processes based on advanced techniques such as laser shock processing.
The Importance of Surface Roughness Measurements in Stainless Steel
Surface roughness measurements indicate the degree to which a surface is rough or smooth, which is an important factor in engineering and medical applications. In the case of stainless steel like 17-7PH, surface roughness can significantly affect material properties such as corrosion resistance and durability of parts. After the welding process, surface roughness was measured, and the results showed an increase in roughness after applying the laser shock technique. The roughness increased from 0.884 micrometers for the unpolished sample to 1.919 micrometers after laser shock, indicating that the laser energy could cause surface deformation, leading to increased roughness. For example, in two experiments, an increase in surface roughness of 23.64% and 117.08% was observed when using different laser energy densities. This increase reflects changes in surface composition, suggesting the presence of cavities and micro-cracks that could negatively affect fluid drainage and thereby surface integrity when exposed to corrosive materials.
Hardness and Microstructural Analysis of Stainless Steel
Surface hardness and hardness depth are key indicators of material quality and strength. According to the results, surface hardness increased from 241.8 HV0.5 to 462.94 HV0.5 after applying laser shock processing, representing an improvement of 22.26%. This increase in hardness is attributed to the reduction in grain size due to shock effects, leading to an increase in the boundaries between grains. As laser energy density increases, the grains become smaller, which improves the material’s toughness. Fine grains are essential for improving the response to external pressure and alleviating microstructural distortions. For example, in aircraft applications, this improvement can affect the performance of parts like landing gear structures and others, reducing maintenance costs and enhancing overall flight safety.
Effect
Laser Shock Peening on Wear Resistance
Wear resistance is a critical feature in material design, especially in harsh environments. Increasing surface roughness may result in more micro-cracks and cavities that can contribute to moisture retention and corrosion-causing factors. Research has shown that these conditions can lead to localized wear, which weakens the protective oxide layer on the surface. However, advanced coating techniques can be used to address these issues by protecting materials from corrosion. A certain level of surface roughness can be beneficial, as it may enhance coating adhesion and improve overall rust resistance. These interactions between surface condition and techniques used to maintain cleanliness make them important points in industrial processes.
Applications of Laser Shock Peening in Industry
Laser shock peening technology offers significant benefits in the industry, especially in aircraft manufacturing where components like landing gear require superior mechanical properties. This technology helps enhance the durability of parts and reduce the need for routine maintenance, leading to greater economic feasibility. For example, laser shock peening techniques have been used to strengthen components subjected to high stress, and studies have shown that the resulting mechanical modifications contribute to reduced wear and damage from overuse. This demonstrates how advanced manufacturing methods like laser shock peening can be utilized to improve the functional performance of parts and extend their lifespan, resulting in enhanced efficiency and lower operating costs.
Laser Shock Peening Techniques and Their Impact on Material Mechanical Properties
Laser shock peening techniques are advanced methods used to improve the mechanical properties of materials. This technique relies on the use of high-energy laser beams to produce rapid shocks on the surface of the target material. These shocks lead to changes in the microstructure of materials such as steel and aluminum, contributing to improved resistance to stress and wear. For example, several studies have shown that the use of laser shock peening techniques can increase the tensile strength of materials such as alloyed metals, and enhance their load-bearing capacity under corrosive conditions. By applying this technique, manufacturing and engineering processes are improved to extend product lifespan and ultimately reduce costs.
Research indicates that laser shock peening techniques have a significant effect on the distribution of residual stress in materials. In the case of stainless steel, it is crucial to reduce residual stresses that can lead to material fracturing. Studies conducted on the effects of laser shock peening show positive results confirming the reduction of residual stresses, contributing to overall material durability. For instance, a recent study demonstrated the impact of laser shock peening on 304L stainless steel, where its resistance to stress shocks was improved.
Applications of Laser Shock Peening in Aviation and Heavy Industries
Laser shock peening is widely used in the aviation industry, where it holds particular significance due to the harsh environmental conditions aircraft operate in. Laser shock peening is an important strategy for enhancing aircraft components such as wheels and airframes, as it has positive effects on strength and weight. It enhances rust resistance and skin durability in critical parts such as the aircraft fuselage, contributing to increased safety and efficiency during flight.
At the same time, laser shock peening applications are essential in heavy industries. They are used for reinforcement purposes, such as components utilized in heavy machinery, cranes, and trucks. For instance, improving welded parts through laser shock peening can reduce the likelihood of welded joint failure due to high loads. This enhancement is especially beneficial in applications that require complete durability and strength to minimize failures and ensure production continuity.
Challenges
The Future of Laser Shockwave Technologies
Despite the numerous benefits of laser shockwave techniques, they face several key challenges that must be addressed to achieve further improvements. These challenges include the need for enhanced process control technologies to ensure greater accuracy in the application of the necessary energy. Controlling the intensity and wavelength of the laser and its relation to material components must be precise to achieve the desired results.
Furthermore, there is a need for ongoing research to understand the relationship between micro-properties and the application of laser shockwave techniques to different types of materials. For instance, recognizing the effects of shockwaves on thermally treated materials is pivotal. As different materials have various mechanical and microstructural specifications, the ability to customize laser shockwave processes will lead to meeting specific needs in different applications.
Future Trends in Research and Development of Laser Shockwave Technology
Research trends indicate continuous improvement in laser shockwave techniques to align with modern developments in the industrial field. This includes advancements in the machines used for shocking, and an increased understanding of how to harness this technology for various purposes. The use of accurate predictions for the force models resulting from laser shocks will help enhance future modeling and applications.
On the other hand, research related to sustainability and new technologies such as environmentally friendly laser shockwave applications plays a vital role in guiding the industry’s overall progress. A series of questions related to application techniques and energy operation can spark interest among researchers and developers to ensure emission reduction and improvement of industrial processes as a whole. In the future, it is likely that these technologies will integrate with artificial intelligence and machine learning programs to enhance performance and productivity.
Source link: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials/articles/10.3389/fmats.2024.1484698/full
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