Surface Electromyography (sEMG) is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that is capable of recording electrical activity in muscles using electrodes placed on the skin’s surface. This technique provides valuable information for physical therapists to assess and treat a wide range of muscular and neurological conditions. However, this technique is still not sufficiently known and is used limitedly in Italy, raising questions about gaps in education and practical application. This study aims to assess the knowledge and usage of the sEMG technique among Italian physical therapists, focusing on graduates from the Master’s program in Rehabilitation of Musculoskeletal and Rheumatic Disorders at the University of Genoa. In this article, we will explore the findings from the conducted survey and investigate the potential challenges hindering the adoption of this innovative technology in clinical practice.
Surface Electromyography Techniques and Their Uses in Physical Therapy
Surface Electromyography (sEMG) techniques are non-invasive diagnostic tools used to record electrical muscle activity by placing electrodes on the skin’s surface. This technique provides accurate insights into muscle functions, assisting physical therapists in evaluating and managing a wide range of muscular and neurological conditions. The surface electromyography device records the electrical currents generated by motor units during muscular activity. Motor units consist of a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. The nervous system’s role is to send electrical signals to these units, leading to depolarization of the muscle fibers and generation of action potentials. Surface electrodes can measure these activities, thus providing important analytical data.
The need for using sEMG techniques continues in many medical fields. For example, sEMG is used to assess muscle functions during exercises in various forms, including therapeutic exercises and rehabilitation after injuries. This technique can also help in detecting changes in muscle activity patterns associated with chronic pain, which is considered highly beneficial for physical therapists in developing personalized treatment plans. However, the limited use of this technique in Italy indicates a gap in awareness and recognition of the significant benefits that sEMG could offer in clinical practice, necessitating the need to enhance specialists’ knowledge about it.
Exploring Knowledge and Use of sEMG Among Physical Therapists in Italy
The quest for understanding the levels of knowledge and use of the sEMG technique among physical therapists in Italy reflects an urgent need to comprehend the factors affecting the integration of this technique into clinical practices. A number of researchers at the University of Genoa conducted a study targeting physical therapists who completed the Master’s program in the treatment of musculoskeletal and rheumatic disorders. This study utilized an anonymous online questionnaire to collect data from students in the program. The questionnaire included components about prior experience with sEMG, the importance of this technique in practice and research, and the participants’ satisfaction with the education they received regarding this technique.
The results showed that a vast majority of therapists felt that the education they received was insufficient to activate the use of sEMG in their clinical practice, with 81.7% indicating that they felt inadequately prepared. Although the curriculum raised their level of knowledge about sEMG, 66.7% reported no significant improvement in their competency in utilizing this technique.
Challenges of Integrating sEMG into Physical Therapy Curricula
Integrating sEMG techniques into educational curricula in physical therapy faces many challenges. Among these challenges are the lack of public awareness regarding the benefits of using this technique in treatment and rehabilitation, as well as misconceptions about its complexity. There is a need for comprehensive modifications in curricula to include both theoretical and practical aspects of using sEMG. This includes simplifying and standardizing sEMG usage protocols, as well as facilitating the training of students and therapists on this technique through workshops and seminars.
Thanks to
Its multiple benefits can contribute to improving the practical aspect of physical therapy and providing accurate information that helps tailor treatment plans. This also requires raising awareness among both new and experienced professionals about how to use this technology and its importance in enhancing clinical outcomes for patients. For example, sEMG can be used to test how patients perform therapeutic exercises, aiding therapists in providing immediate feedback and corrective actions, ensuring better patient progress.
Conclusions and Recommendations for Enhancing the Use of sEMG
The results of this study indicate that physical therapy specialists in Italy primarily view sEMG technology as a research tool. There is an urgent need to redesign the educational curriculum for physical therapy sciences to include more in-depth content regarding sEMG techniques. It is essential to promote the use of this technology by providing training programs, periodic workshops, and numerous practical examples. Collaboration between academic institutions and clinics should also be activated to help integrate sEMG into clinical practice.
There is also a need to increase awareness about the measurable benefits of using this technology, both in terms of patient outcomes and enhancing clinical efficiency. The use of sEMG represents an important step towards recognizing that therapists need precise tools to analyze muscle tissues and understand how to effectively intervene in pain and injury cases. Ultimately, the failure to rely on these tools indicates chaos in providing modern healthcare, and this trend must not be allowed to continue in Italy.
Data Analysis and Clinical Experience
In analyzing the data, information was collected from a group of participants during the period from February to May 2024, where 93 questionnaires were retrieved, indicating a response rate of 72.7%. The average age of the participants was 26.5 years, with the majority being men (52 men, 55.9%) while there were 41 women. Demographic characteristics and prior use of surface electromyography (sEMG) technology are documented in Table 1. Surface electromyography data is a powerful tool in evaluating muscle performance and can be used in various fields of physical therapy; however, the results of this study showed that a large number of physical therapists consider electromyography a research tool only, indicating that they do not apply it in actual clinical practice.
Academic Training and Its Effect on the Use of Electromyography
The results showed that most participants, despite receiving general training on electromyography in their master’s program, felt that about 66.7% of them did not acquire sufficient competence in this technique after completing the course. The training course heavily focused on the theoretical aspect, indicating that the lack of practical training and applied skills has impacted specialists’ inclination to use sEMG in their clinical practice. As highlighted in previous research, poor knowledge transfer and lack of education are major barriers to using this technology in neurorehabilitation. Therefore, education and practical training should be better integrated to enhance specialists’ competence and empower them to use modern techniques more effectively.
Benefits of Surface Electromyography and Challenges to Its Use
It is clear that surface electromyography has significant medical benefits in patient assessment and treatment enhancement. However, specialists face many cultural, administrative, and technical challenges regarding the integration of this technology into their practice. For instance, about 96.8% of participants reported that their university training did not provide them with adequate knowledge on how to use electromyography in clinical settings. Additionally, only 37.6% had encountered the topic of sEMG during their university studies, indicating that education needs to be reconsidered regarding how to teach and promote these techniques in curricula.
Reevaluation
Education Formation and Effective Implementation Strategies
It is clear that there is an urgent need to improve education and training strategies for professionals in the field of physical therapy. Education should go beyond theoretical learning to include direct practical experiences using tools such as sEMG. This also emphasizes the importance of specialized courses and practical training that stress the use of records in clinical situations. It is important for educational institutions and professional associations to work together to promote the integration of these modern technologies into the curriculum, contributing to better preparing professionals for the evolving healthcare world.
Future Roles and New Specializations in Physical Therapy
Currently, there is a discussion about the importance and roles of specialists in clinical technology, such as rehabilitation engineers, in supporting professionals. The idea of introducing such new roles is intriguing, as they could pave the way for the use of modern technologies in clinical practices. This could happen by facilitating the understanding of sEMG and interpreting results, allowing professionals more time to focus their efforts on providing high-quality care to patients.
The Importance of Collaboration Among Different Healthcare Groups
Collaboration in healthcare should involve a wide range of professionals, including doctors, physical therapy specialists, and engineers. This collaboration can contribute to the effective application of modern technologies. Through means such as interdisciplinary workshops and exhibitions, specialists can explore the use of electromyographic records in their practices. Despite the efforts made, specialists need ongoing support and resources for a noticeable improvement in the use of sEMG, which requires focused efforts from unions and professional associations.
Challenges Associated with Adopting sEMG Technology in Physical Therapy
sEMG (surface electromyography) technology is a powerful tool in assessing and treating certain motor disorders. However, there are many challenges that may stand in the way of routinely using this technology in the practical application of physical therapists. One of the most prominent challenges is the lack of knowledge and adequate training among many professionals in this field, as training on this technology is limited in most educational programs. This situation leads physical therapists to leave sEMG as a research tool rather than a practical daily application.
Research indicates that the cost of sEMG equipment ranges from $10,000 to $40,000, making it unaffordable for many professionals in private clinics. Thus, high costs remain a significant barrier, especially for therapists working in environments that require limited financial distributions. Despite the many benefits of this technology, providing the necessary funding to purchase the equipment remains a major challenge. Additionally, the ease of use of these devices and their integration into the daily workflow of physical therapists should be considered.
Moreover, the time required to apply sEMG technology during physical therapy sessions, which typically last between 30-60 minutes, limits the potential benefits, as the application requires additional time for data analysis. This makes physical therapists hesitant to incorporate sEMG into their traditional therapeutic protocols. Furthermore, the need for intensive training in using this technology and the associated data processing skills may deter therapists from adopting it.
Actions Needed to Promote sEMG Use in Academic Education
For sEMG effectiveness in physical therapy, a comprehensive reassessment of the curricula dedicated to teaching physical therapists is required. There should be a greater focus on integrating this technology into educational programs to enhance students’ practical knowledge. Universities and educational institutions need to offer specialized courses explaining the importance of sEMG and how it can be effectively used in various clinical applications.
This
Training students involves not only teaching them how to use sEMG devices but also how to interpret the resulting data and utilize it in clinical decision-making. This can be achieved through hands-on workshops, interactive lessons, and research that encourages students to apply their knowledge in real clinical environments. This type of education requires extensive practical experience to build confidence in using the technology.
Partnerships between academic institutions and clinical centers can play an important role in enhancing the educational experience. By providing opportunities for hands-on training, students can gain direct experience in using sEMG, which increases the likelihood of successfully integrating this technology into their future practices. Local and international research that demonstrates how the use of sEMG can improve patient outcomes should also be highlighted, as it helps convince students of the necessity to learn this technique.
The Importance of Improving sEMG Application Protocols in Clinical Practice
Data shows that the application of sEMG requires simplified and standardized protocols in order to be widely adopted in physical therapy practice. The complexities of applying the technology and the lack of consistency in its use pose a barrier to its adoption. Therefore, physical therapists, in collaboration with engineers, should develop clear methodologies that allow for more efficient and effective use of this technology in clinical procedures.
Improving sEMG application protocols requires standardizing some of the procedures and steps used in data collection and analysis. This may include developing timetables for applying sEMG, procedural standards for the various fields that can be highlighted during treatment, as well as validated models for data assessment that incorporate the known standards for the sEMG technique. All of these elements will contribute to the development of a unified perception that ensures the best outcomes for patients.
Moreover, technical support for physical therapists should be available, including regular access to training and assistance in using modern technologies. Having alliances with experienced professionals in this field can provide valuable information on how to improve sEMG application protocols and enhance the narrative of technical and clinical information. Ultimately, these efforts will help increase the acceptance of sEMG as a regular tool in clinical practices, rather than being confined to therapeutic research only.
Using Surface Electromyography in Neurorehabilitation
Surface electromyography is a non-invasive technique that records the electrical activity of muscles through electrodes placed on the surface of the skin. This technique is a valuable tool for physical therapists, as it provides insight into muscle functions, allowing for assessment and improvement of treatment for a wide range of musculoskeletal and neurological conditions. The significance of surface electromyography lies in its ability to detect the electrical currents generated by motor units during muscle activity, facilitating the evaluation of physiological changes in muscular activity during voluntary contractions or induced by stimulation. An example of this is the ability to monitor muscle activation patterns in patients with chronic low back pain, where changes in muscle activation may affect their personal outcomes regarding pain and mobility.
Furthermore, physical therapists can use surface electromyography to design personalized rehabilitation programs, and monitor the effectiveness of exercises, ensuring patients perform the exercises correctly and providing immediate feedback. Although this technique has the potential to be a powerful educational tool, it remains relatively unknown in Italy, necessitating efforts to encourage its wider use among physical therapy professionals.
Factors Hindering the Use of Surface Electromyography
Despite the benefits of surface electromyography, there are several factors hindering its use in clinical practice. First, the lack of awareness and knowledge among specialists regarding the capabilities of this therapeutic tool indicates a clear need for education and training. Many studies suggest that a large portion of specialists are unaware of how to implement or interpret the results of surface electromyography. Secondly, there may be financial barriers, as the cost of the required equipment can be high, making it inaccessible for many clinics or hospitals.
Moreover,
This culture may reinforce some traditional practices in physical therapy, making specialists hesitant to incorporate new techniques such as surface electromyography. These obstacles can be overcome through continuous education and workshops that explain the benefits of this technique and demonstrate how to integrate it into daily clinical practices.
Professional Community’s Response to the Importance of Surface Electromyography
The professional community in the field of physical therapy has begun to show a positive response to the significance of surface electromyography, holding scientific conferences and workshops to share knowledge and experiences regarding the use of this technique. More research and studies are needed to highlight the clinical modifications resulting from the use of surface electromyography in rehabilitation applications. Such research can help enhance trust among physical therapy specialists and promote the use of surface electromyography as a necessary tool in patient treatment.
Furthermore, emphasizing the importance of collaboration between physical therapists, engineers, and medical technology specialists is considered a pivotal factor in developing new applications for surface electromyography and providing innovative solutions to improve treatment quality. Through these joint efforts, it is possible to strengthen the position of surface electromyography as an endorsed tool in the field of neurorehabilitation.
The Importance of Future Research and Studies
Future research is essential for understanding how to integrate surface electromyography into actual physical therapy practices. Future studies should focus on assessing the effectiveness of using this method in various clinical cases, helping to identify optimal patterns for integration and application in treatment. Through ongoing research, the quality of care received by patients can be improved, enhancing overall treatment outcomes.
Additionally, studies should include the evaluation of educational and training strategies for physical therapists to maximize the benefits of surface electromyography. Developing specialized training programs and offering them regularly within universities and clinical practices is an important step towards promoting the use of this technique and achieving better clinical outcomes.
Definition of Using Electromyographic Records in Physical Therapy
Electromyographic records, or surface electromyography (sEMG), are modern tools used to assess muscle functions. This type of assessment is important for physical therapy, as it enables practitioners to analyze muscle activity and understand how different muscles interact during movement performance. sEMG represents a tried-and-true, useful tool, as it allows for the collection of accurate data on the electrical activity of muscles, aiding in the diagnosis of various medical conditions, planning treatment trials, and providing valuable insights to enhance the effectiveness of physical therapy.
Electromyographic records should not merely be considered a research tool but rather an integral part of clinical practice. The modern educational program should focus on integrating the use of sEMG into the curricula for physical therapy students. Practical training on using electromyographic records should be included, not just a focus on the theoretical workings of the device. This integration can help students acquire the competencies needed to effectively use this technique in their clinics.
Students’ Experience and Attitude Toward Electromyographic Records
Results from a study conducted on physical therapy students in Italy showed that these students possess a basic knowledge background regarding electromyographic records, but they do not feel adequately capable of using them in clinical practice. This gap is evident from a survey conducted among the students, where 66.7% reported not feeling a noticeable improvement in their skills after completing the master’s training course that covered this subject. The theoretical aspect of the courses, which emphasizes the fundamentals of bioelectricity, may not fully meet the students’ needs for advanced professional practice using this technique.
From
During the confirmation of this practical deficiency, it can be understood that theory alone is not sufficient. Study programs should include practical training and interactive projects for clinical models that require the use of electromyography (EMG) recordings. Students’ experiences and their attitudes towards this technology reflect the real need to develop their skills and empower them to use it effectively in clinical work environments.
Educational Challenges and Training Gaps
Universities also face multiple challenges in providing adequate education in the field of electromyography. Many educational institutions do not provide appropriate education or training in this field, leading students to perceive their experience as insufficient. Results showed that 96.8% of participants considered that the education they received on electromyography was inadequate or limited by the end of their studies.
Challenges lie in the educational structure and the lack of competencies that allow the use of these technologies. Although there are professional associations such as the International Society of Electrophysiology and Kinesiology, which promote educational resources, it is clear that there is a gap between these resources and practical application in classrooms. Universities should be encouraged to integrate education related to electromyography in innovative ways, through educational strategies that include project-based learning and practical workshops.
The Role of Electromyography in Improving Clinical Treatments
Electromyography recordings are an essential tool for advancing physical therapy practice to a higher level of precision. For physical therapists, these tools can transform how the effectiveness of treatment strategies is assessed. For example, data extracted from electromyography recordings can be used to determine muscle response to treatment, helping to adapt treatment programs based on individual patient needs.
Moreover, electromyography has the potential to improve treatment outcomes by providing objective information that enhances clinical assessment capabilities. This type of data assists physicians in making informed decisions and building customized treatment strategies that provide maximum benefit to the patient. Failure to recognize the benefits of electromyography and its limited use can negatively impact the level of medical care provided.
Conclusions to Enhance the Use of Electromyography in Medical Education
Educational institutions need to reassess their curricula to ensure that they provide sufficient and appropriate training in the use of electromyography. Improvements in learning and training will help produce innovators and well-trained professionals capable of applying the knowledge gained in clinical practices. The educational environment should facilitate knowledge exchange and provide opportunities for practical training and clinical experiences. By encouraging students to use electromyography effectively in practical training, a significant change can be achieved in how treatments are assessed, as this technology remains underutilized in many clinics despite its typical benefits.
Similarly, professional institutions should work to raise awareness about the effective use of electromyography. There should be continuous training programs and specialized guidance to help new therapists overcome cultural and technical barriers that hinder the application of sEMG in clinical practices. Practical training and educational content aligned with practitioners’ needs will enhance the effectiveness of electromyography and help achieve better outcomes for patients.
Integration of sEMG Technology in Clinical Physical Therapy Practice
Despite the advancement of sEMG technology and the progress of research in this field, its integration into clinical physical therapy practices remains limited to date. This is due to several reasons, including the conservative nature of physical therapy education, where there is often a focus on traditional methods and insufficient attention to modern technologies. It is expected that with future educational reforms, the use of sEMG will be further promoted in clinical contexts. However, this will require comprehensive collaboration among different disciplines to ensure maximum benefit from these modern technologies.
Developments
The developments that have occurred in the fields of engineering and medicine indicate that the skills required to operate and analyze technologies such as sEMG may be more suitable for professionals trained in the specialty of clinical technology or rehabilitation engineering. In countries like the Netherlands, the role of clinical technology has been recognized, where these professionals act as a bridge between the medical and technical fields, resulting in a more effective use of advanced tools in clinical practice. Introducing similar roles in the rehabilitation field can help alleviate the educational burden on physiotherapists, allowing them to focus on clinical decision-making for patient care.
Challenges and Barriers to sEMG Adoption in Physiotherapy
Many challenges facing the adoption of sEMG technology in clinical practices have emerged, including the high cost of devices, which ranges from approximately $10,000 to $40,000. These costs can be a significant barrier, especially for specialists in the private sector who operate outside the financial support provided by major research and healthcare centers. Furthermore, the use of sEMG requires considerable time and effort, given the short therapy sessions ranging from 30 to 60 minutes, significantly impacting the ability to integrate this technology into traditional therapeutic protocols.
As the complexity of evaluation and treatment requirements using sEMG increases, it is essential to prioritize the level of education and training for specialists. Specialists need to know how to use this technology effectively, but also understand how to seamlessly integrate it into their therapeutic routines. Research over the years has associated experts’ oversight of aspects of sEMG use, such as usability and integration into daily workflows, necessitating a reconsideration of study designs in the future to address these important aspects.
The Need for Educational Reforms and Training Programs
The importance of implementing educational reforms to enhance the competencies of physiotherapy technicians in the use of sEMG has been emphasized. Integrating modern technologies like sEMG into the academic training program for physiotherapy requires substantial changes to the curricula that reflect the use of these technologies in clinical practices. By focusing education on the theoretical and practical aspects of sEMG, specialists can be better prepared to leverage this modern technology.
Some research indicates that sEMG should be presented as a fundamental part of educational curricula. Providing practical knowledge of devices and data usage can help specialists develop their skills in using technology, increasing their chances of applying it in clinical contexts. Additionally, training programs need to focus on simplifying and improving protocols related to sEMG, with a clear understanding of signal analysis and the resulting data. This requires effort from academic and legislative bodies to ensure proper preparation.
Developing Technological Solutions to Enhance Physiotherapy Efficiency
The lack of sEMG usage has not been due to ignorance or a lack of interest; rather, it extends to the nature of the technology itself and its usability in clinical practices. It is essential to develop simpler and more user-friendly technological solutions that can help enhance the efficiency of physiotherapy specialists. Many experts point to the need to involve engineers and professionals in the health technology field in finding practical solutions. Involving these experts helps facilitate knowledge transfer and achieve more accurate results in treatment measurements and the necessary response to improve performance.
Moreover, fostering a shared understanding among professionals in technology and medicine can lead to better outcomes in the practical use of sEMG. This can help overcome the cultural and administrative barriers surrounding the use of advanced technologies. Such collaboration can serve as a basis for developing technological systems that enhance healthcare, as these systems promote the formulation of therapeutic protocols that can be adopted across various fields.
The Future
sEMG in Physical Therapy
sEMG is preparing to become a fundamental part of the future of physical therapy, necessitating a shift in perceptions related to it. Although sEMG is regarded as a research tool more than a daily tool in clinical practice, there is an inevitability for a shift in thinking to enable physical therapy specialists to be more oriented towards using it as a valuable tool to enhance the level of care provided to patients. Therefore, it is essential to conduct future studies that include larger and more diverse samples of specialists to improve understanding of how to use sEMG and its purpose.
By conducting research that looks into cultural, administrative, and technical issues, innovative ways to apply sEMG in various aspects of therapy can be discovered. Improvements in educational and technical support in this field will have a significant impact on realizing sEMG as an integral part of therapeutic practices, ensuring better recovery and comfort for patients. Therefore, teamwork and continuous updating of knowledge between academic and health sectors is the way to enhance future physical therapy systems.
Analysis of Muscle Pain: An Introduction to Methodologies and Applications
The analysis of muscle pain is a vital topic in the field of physical medicine and rehabilitation. The main objective of this analysis is to understand the causes and factors that lead to muscle pain and how they affect motor performance. The strategies used in evaluating pain and intervening for treatment are numerous, including traditional physical examination, imaging, and other assessment methods such as surface electromyography (sEMG), which plays a key role in providing accurate information about muscle activity. The analysis of muscle pain aims to improve patients’ quality of life by identifying the root factors causing pain and providing customized treatment plans.
One of the methods used is the utilization of biological records to gain a more accurate understanding of muscles and their relationship to pain. For example, electrographic techniques can be used to analyze the electrical activity of affected muscles. This type of analysis is useful for examining the effects of different treatments and enables doctors to better direct therapy.
Modern Techniques in Muscle Pain Treatment
The modern methods for treating muscle pain involve a variety of therapies, ranging from traditional treatments such as physical therapy and electrical stimulation to more advanced treatments such as genetic therapies. Among these treatments, biofeedback is considered an intriguing technique. This method provides immediate feedback to patients about their muscle activity, helping them improve their body awareness and enhancing their ability to control pain.
For example, in physical therapies, biofeedback is used to help patients understand their responses to pain and how to cope with it. Surface measurement devices are employed to detect muscle responses, allowing therapists to provide more tailored therapeutic interventions. This can be particularly useful for specific patient groups such as athletes or individuals suffering from chronic injuries.
Future Trends in Muscle Pain Research
Research in the field of muscle pain and the technologies used to analyze and treat it is continuously evolving. There is an increasing interest in integrating modern technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) into this field. The use of AI in analyzing data derived from surface electromyography devices is promising, as it can provide accurate estimates of potential causes of pain and effectively guide treatment plans.
Additionally, focusing on research around new drugs and genetic therapies represents another exciting area. Genetic therapies have the potential to compensate for genetic factors leading to muscle pain, which could revolutionize how pain is treated in the future. Furthermore, significant initiatives for collaboration between researchers and doctors represent an effective tool for developing comprehensive treatment strategies that contribute to a better overall understanding of muscle pain.
Challenges
Aspirations in the Application of Electroanalytical Techniques
Electroanalytical techniques such as sEMG face a set of challenges that hinder their widespread use in clinical treatments. These challenges include their ineffectiveness in some precise cases, and technical issues related to changing environmental conditions that may affect the accuracy of measurements. Additionally, the non-responsiveness of some patients to treatments that rely on these techniques may lead to frustration for doctors and specialists in therapy.
To address these obstacles, researchers and professionals in the therapy field must work together to develop strategies that can tackle these challenges, such as improving the accuracy of measurement devices and streamlining processes. This requires investment in education and training for healthcare workers to guide the proper use of these techniques and expand their application.
The Role of Education and Training in Treating Muscle Pain
Education and training play a crucial role in enhancing the ability of doctors and therapists to use modern techniques in treating muscle pain. It is essential for healthcare professionals to have a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of action and outcomes of available treatments. Furthermore, educational programs should emphasize the importance of using techniques such as biofeedback and sEMG in daily clinical applications.
By providing the necessary training, therapists can improve their therapeutic insight and reduce the obstacles they face, leading to better and more effective healthcare for patients. Ultimately, by overcoming educational barriers and updating knowledge, the use of modern methods for treating muscle pain can be enhanced, resulting in improved health outcomes. These ideas and trends find a practical opportunity for expansion in the future and achieving positive medical results for the benefit of patients.
Source link: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/rehabilitation-sciences/articles/10.3389/fresc.2024.1489927/full
Artificial intelligence was used ezycontent
Leave a Reply