In the world of modern education, social and emotional skills and self-awareness play a crucial role in the development of youth. These skills, which include the ability to manage emotions and build healthy relationships, are essential for personal and social success. In this context, this research addresses the effectiveness of the “SER” project, which focuses on enhancing autonomy and methodological resilience in vocational education in Portugal. By analyzing student skill profiles from three vocational schools, the research aims to provide deep insights into how this project impacts the development of students’ social and emotional skills and self-awareness. This includes assessing the differences among students based on their educational environments, enabling a deeper understanding of how educational programs can be improved to enhance youth development. Join us in our exploration of understanding the potential impacts of the “SER” project on youth developmental pathways and ways to enhance essential skills in vocational education.
Youth Social and Emotional Skills and Their Impact on Positive Development
Social and emotional skills, alongside self-concept, play an important role in the positive development of youth. Research indicates that the ability to understand and manage one’s feelings, interact effectively with others, and maintain a healthy self-image has become essential for personal and social success in an increasingly complex society. This is reflected in the impact of these skills on academic performance, personal relationships, and the ability to face challenges. For example, youth with strong social and emotional skills are more capable of adapting to school and social pressures, making it easier for them to form strong friendships and develop healthy relationships.
These skills serve as pillars for shaping individuals capable of successfully navigating the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Strong partnerships with peers and support from adults also play a critical role in fostering the development of these skills. Studies indicate that youth participating in social and emotional skills enhancement programs show higher rates of psychological well-being, leading to improved aspects of their social and academic lives. In this context, it becomes essential for educational policies to focus on fostering these skills in schools as a core aspect of educational plans.
Background of Vocational Schools in Portugal and Their Economic Importance
Vocational schools are considered an essential part of the educational system in Portugal, providing an important alternative to traditional secondary education. These schools emerged in the 1980s as a response to the increasing need for vocational training. Today, these schools reflect a strong and reliable choice within the Portuguese educational system, focusing on technical and vocational training, thereby preparing students for the labor market in specific fields. The target audience for these schools includes youth who have completed the ninth grade and choose to pursue an educational path combining theoretical education with strong practical applications.
The accredited programs in vocational schools enhance partnerships with local companies and institutions, allowing students to undergo practical experiences in work environments. This type of education can help reduce dropout rates and provide an alternative path for students wishing to continue their studies in higher education. Moreover, this educational path contributes to creating youth prepared to face work challenges and equipped with the ability to adapt to market demands.
Analysis of the Effectiveness of the SER Project and Student Profiles
The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the SER project, which is an innovative initiative in the field of vocational education in Portugal. The research focused on issues of autonomy and methodological resilience as tools for enhancing the integrated growth of students. Student files from three Portuguese vocational schools were analyzed to highlight the skills acquired during the program and the skills that require improvement. The results showed that the student profiles varied by school, with students from the first school demonstrating high levels of social awareness and collaboration, while students from the second school performed above average across all dimensions of the scale.
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On another note, students from the third school showed high levels of interpersonal relationships, self-esteem, self-management, self-concept, and decision-making. This emphasizes the importance of engaging students in an educational environment that nurtures the development of their social and emotional skills, contributing to the enhancement of a positive self-concept. Statistical significant differences were also found between the school profiles, indicating that the educational environment plays a vital role in shaping students’ experiences.
The Importance of Project-Based Learning in Shaping Values and Competencies
Project-based learning is considered an effective means of supporting the development of social and emotional skills, as it promotes collaboration and participation among students. Educational institutions that adopt this type of learning encourage students to work together to solve problems and think critically. These factors can contribute to enhancing values such as cooperation, creativity, and critical thinking, as students learn how to contribute with a team spirit. Through collaborative experiences, students learn how to deal with diverse opinions and accept differences, which also contributes to enhancing feelings of individual and collective responsibility.
Providing flexible learning environments attracts students and increases their engagement. This reflects the importance of adapting to the various needs of learners, making education more inclusive and enhancing its sustainability. Through these experiences, students develop a deeper understanding of the skills they need in the job market, preparing them to face challenges successfully and trust in their abilities.
The Importance of Self-Esteem in Personal Development
Self-esteem is considered a fundamental factor in the personal development of youth. A high sense of capability and readiness to face academic challenges provides a strong motivation for success. Individuals who feel valued and capable of achieving goals tend to achieve better academic results. Studies indicate that self-esteem directly affects students’ engagement and success in educational activities. Conversely, low self-esteem may lead to numerous negative repercussions such as insecurity, isolation, and emotional difficulties that can impact their social and cognitive growth. These negative feelings may contribute to dropping out of education or engaging in risky behaviors that negatively affect their life paths. Therefore, it is essential to foster self-esteem among youth and guide them towards ways that enable them to build self-confidence supporting their positive development.
Models and Theories of Positive Development
The field of positive developmental psychology addresses strategies for enhancing the skills and resources that young people need to become healthy and productive adults. Research over the past years has explored several models and theories that illustrate how to support youth in achieving this positive growth. One of the prominent models is the “Five C’s” model, which outlines five key areas to mitigate the problems and difficulties that youth may face. These areas include Competence, Confidence, Connection, Character, and Caring. This model focuses research on abilities and competencies rather than exposure to risks from negative behaviors. Additionally, the Self-Determination Theory highlights the importance of meeting two essential needs for youth: competence and autonomy. The better these needs are met for young people, the greater the likelihood of positive psychological and behavioral benefits.
The Ecological Systems Theory in Human Development
The ecological systems theory proposed by Bronfenbrenner emphasizes that youth development significantly depends on the social environment and surrounding systems. This theory accentuates the focus on different environments such as the microsystem, which includes family, school, and friends, and the mesosystem, which focuses on the interactions among these systems. This complex structure illustrates how different elements interact and influence the youth experience; thus, understanding the impact of the upbringing environment on growth can help guide policies and strategies that enhance positive youth development and capitalize on available opportunities.
Resilience
Educational Curricula and the Importance of Autonomy
In light of contemporary educational transformations, it becomes clear that autonomy and flexibility of curricula are considered central concepts. Autonomy relates to the ability of schools and teachers to adapt curricula according to the needs of students and the local context. Through this flexibility, educational institutions can include topics that align with the interests of students, in addition to flexible teaching methods that suit different learning styles. This approach helps enhance educational experiences, especially in a time characterized by continuous changes in society, technology, and labor market demands. Organizing content and creating diverse educational pathways contributes to developing a generation prepared for future challenges.
Social Models of Learning and Positive Development
Social models of learning and skills are among the most important factors that support youth development. Those concerned highlight the importance of social and emotional skills in the success of youth in their academic and professional lives. Effective communication, problem-solving, and empathy are all core skills that studies indicate are essential for facing challenges. Research shows that social-emotional education plays a significant role in preparing youth to face adulthood challenges. Therefore, these models are considered effective tools that can be used to support psychological needs and enhance learning success.
The Influence of Upbringing on Career Orientation
The influence of upbringing extends significantly beyond personal growth to impact youth choices regarding careers and professional directions. Erikson’s psychosocial development theory illustrates how identity crises affect their job-related decisions. Identity plays a vital role in the transition to adulthood, highlighting the importance of encouraging self-exploration and career options exploration. When youth can build their identities correctly, their chances of success in their careers and enhancing their life choices increase.
Social and Emotional Competencies
Social and emotional competencies are considered one of the essential factors that enhance individuals’ personal and social performance. An assessment tool consisting of 16 items has been designed to identify these competencies, which include four main dimensions: self-awareness, self-management and motivation, social awareness and positive behavior, and decision-making. The four dimensions illustrate how individuals interact with themselves and others, and the impact this has on their behavior and decisions. For instance, self-awareness refers to a person’s ability to recognize their feelings and thoughts and how these feelings influence their behavior. This means that individuals with good self-awareness can manage their emotions better and thus interact more effectively with others.
Additionally, self-management and motivation are essential parts of emotional success. This competency relates to an individual’s control over their emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in various circumstances. For example, if a person is capable of setting clear goals for themselves, it will help maintain their motivation and focus on achieving these goals. When faced with challenging situations, this competency helps them remain calm and enhance their resilience in the face of challenges.
Social awareness and positive behavior express an individual’s ability to understand other people’s feelings and perspectives, which fosters cooperation and healthy relationships. The dimensions also include decision-making, which represents the ability to make informed choices that consider one’s and others’ well-being. Understanding the factors influencing the decision-making process is essential, as it helps improve individuals’ outcomes and contributes to enhancing the quality of social relationships.
The Impact of Self-Learning on Self-Concept
Self-concept plays a vital role in shaping youth perceptions of themselves, and the Piers-Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale has been used to assess this concept. The scale includes 60 items that evaluate various aspects of self-concept, providing a comprehensive picture of how youth view themselves across multiple areas. The scale is distributed across several dimensions such as behavior, anxiety, emotional state, popularity, physical appearance, and happiness.
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The behavioral degree is one of the important dimensions that reflects how an individual evaluates their behavior in structured environments such as school. When children feel they are following the rules and displaying positive behavior, it enhances their self-perception. This is attributed to the fact that good behavior is often associated with achieving positive academic and social outcomes.
Moreover, anxiety contributes to shaping self-concept, as it expresses feelings of insecurity and fear that children may face in social or personal situations. It is important to note that an increase in such feelings can negatively affect self-esteem, while feelings of acceptance from peers enhance a positive self-feeling.
Other dimensions, such as popularity and physical appearance, are also essential components that affect self-concept. When children feel social acceptance or are satisfied with their appearance, they enhance their positive self-concept, which in turn boosts their mental health.
Positive Youth Development
Positive youth development is a comprehensive concept that includes the enhancement of social and emotional skills and moral growth. The Positive Youth Development Short Form (PYD-SF) was developed to explore these aspects. This scale includes 34 items focusing on five key dimensions: competence, confidence, connection, character, and caring.
The competence dimension represents the youth’s ability to develop their skills and feel capable of doing what they need in their lives. This can be seen as a sign of positive interaction with challenges and self-perception. On the other hand, self-confidence significantly affects goal achievement, as a sense of confidence enhances individuals’ ability to face difficult situations.
Furthermore, connection is a vital dimension that seeks to enhance social bonds and strong relationships among youth and their peers. Additionally, the character dimension includes aspects of morality and discipline that lead to positive attitudes. Ultimately, the caring dimension contributes to individuals’ feelings of responsiveness to their environment and others, enhancing their abilities to engage in their communities.
Considering the results, this scale can be used to guide intervention programs and skill education that support youth development and enhance their mental and emotional health in their social environments. A deep understanding of positive development factors aids society as a whole in preparing youth who not only believe in themselves but are also capable of making a positive impact in their communities.
Dimensions of Positive Youth Development
The dimensions of positive youth development are important contents in understanding how individuals can develop during adolescence. This model consists of five fundamental dimensions: competence, confidence, connection, character, and caring. These dimensions represent different aspects of personal and social success and show how each dimension can affect the others. One of the key aspects of these dimensions is understanding how competence affects self-confidence, which in turn can enhance individuals’ connection relationships.
Competence is a pivotal dimension, as it refers to individuals’ perception of their abilities in several areas such as academic performance, social relationships, and physical tasks. For example, if a young person believes in their ability to succeed in their studies, they are often motivated to achieve greater goals, which enhances their sense of accomplishment. On the other hand, high self-confidence can enhance individuals’ ability to face challenges and social pressures, facilitating their positive interaction with others.
Regarding connection, strong relationships with family, friends, and the community are of great importance in a teenager’s life. Supportive social networks provide a sense of belonging and safety, encouraging individuals to engage positively with their surroundings. As for character, it reflects the values and ethics that are evident in individuals’ behavior. Developing a strong character drives youth to become active in their community and take on responsibilities.
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the care concerning the ability to empathize with others. This ability is a fundamental element in building healthy relationships, as it enhances human connections and mutual understanding. Thus, understanding these five dimensions can empower teachers and parents to develop effective strategies to support adolescents in their various stages of development.
Procedures Used for Data Collection and Analysis
To develop a comprehensive understanding of the psychological and social dimensions of adolescents, several tools were employed for data collection and analysis. These procedures include creating questionnaires that contain questions about the five aforementioned dimensions, in addition to gathering demographic information such as gender and age. This data was entered into a system like Google Forms for organized response collection.
The researchers distributed these questionnaires to vocational schools, where the research objectives were explained to the students to ensure their voluntary participation. They also adhered to European regulations regarding data protection to ensure the safety of students’ personal information. For data analysis, multiple statistical techniques were used, such as exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to verify the validity of the constructs of the questionnaires used.
The researchers also conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to ensure that the latent factors correctly interpreted the behavior of the observed variables. This type of analysis is a pivotal step in understanding whether the dimensions considered in the statistical model reflect the real behavioral patterns of youth. Within this framework, complex modeling methods were employed to estimate the degree to which the data aligns with the assumed structure. Additionally, the concept of multidimensional cluster analysis was used to enhance the understanding of student profiles across different schools.
These procedures are precise and carry significant importance to ensure the reliability and effectiveness of the results. This requires accuracy in executing experiments and analyzing results seriously to ensure that the findings align with what has been inferred from previous studies. Ultimately, all these steps in the scientific research process aim to provide useful information for educators and policymakers to better understand adolescents and develop programs that support their positive growth.
Results of Data Analysis and Differences Between Schools
The data extracted from the analysis revealed some significant differences among students from different vocational schools. For example, the results showed that students in the first school achieved the highest scores in self-management, social awareness, and decision-making. This indicates that these students possess a strong awareness of their abilities, enabling them to effectively handle the various challenges they may face.
While the second school showed average scores across all dimensions, it did not stand out in any of the dimensions specifically. However, students from this school demonstrated good self-esteem and effective communication skills with their peers and teachers. This type of positive interaction contributes to building a healthy educational environment and enhances the spirit of cooperation among students.
In the third school, the results indicated high levels of self-esteem and interpersonal relationships. These students enjoy a sense of self-confidence that allows them to face challenges, yet at the same time they show empathy and understanding towards others, which enables them to build healthy relationships in their surroundings.
Statistical analyses reveal significant differences between the schools to which the students belong in terms of decision-making and interpersonal relationships. These differences reflect how the school environment can impact the development of specific skills among students, necessitating educational centers to understand these dynamics when designing curricula and educational programs. By analyzing this data, educational institutions can develop better strategies to enhance essential skills among students in different educational contexts.
Identifying Student Profiles in Vocational Schools
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the results that students in school 3 exhibited high levels of personal relationships and self-management, which is linked to Rogers’ theory on the importance of positive self-image in youth development. A strong self-image reflects students’ ability to interact well with others and manage their emotions. While the distinct differences between schools, particularly between school 1 and school 3, in personal relationships can be partially explained by Deci and Ryan’s self-determination theory, which emphasizes that autonomy and a positive relational environment contribute to the development of healthy emotions.
These results emphasize the importance of self-directed learning and the school environment in enhancing the competencies required in the contemporary labor market. It is about developing skills such as empathy and building positive relationships, as these skills lead to greater personal and professional success.
How to Adapt Educational Interventions
Understanding how various social and emotional factors can influence student development necessitates tailoring educational interventions according to the profile of each student group. Studies emphasize the urgent need to customize educational policies, where programs must be designed based on the specific needs of students. In this context, Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory supports that the values and practices students receive in their schools have a profound impact on the formation of their personal and social skills.
Results show that schools that succeed in fostering these skills among their students effectively contribute to increasing their employability. This is because skills such as decision-making, self-esteem, and social awareness are crucial in today’s work environment. Accordingly, the results obtained highlight the importance of implementing educational models that, in addition to knowledge and information, support the social and emotional development of students.
Lessons Learned and Recommendations for Future Research
Despite the positive results, the study reveals a set of limitations, such as its restricted scope to three schools within a private educational group, which may limit the generalization of the results. Future research should expand its boundaries to include schools and areas in different contexts. Additionally, consideration should be given to using multiple assessment methods, such as direct observations and interviews, to gain deeper insights into students’ skills.
Longitudinal studies will be essential for tracking skill development over time, and comparative studies with data from other countries will help identify and adapt best practices to the Portuguese context. Investment in research regarding the impact of the school environment and the use of new technologies on students’ skill development is crucial in a constantly changing world, where social and emotional skills are vital for academic and professional success.
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development is among the most important theories in developmental psychology. Lawrence Kohlberg, an American psychologist, provided a framework for understanding how morality develops in individuals across specific time stages. Moral development is divided into three main levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional levels. Each level includes several stages, emphasizing how moral thinking evolves from selfish behaviors to universal values and ethical principles.
In the first stage, individuals scoff at moral responsibilities, with the focus in this stage on avoiding punishment and seeking rewards. For example, a young child may avoid doing something harmful like stealing a toy because they fear punishment. Kohlberg moved on to the second stage, focusing on social and conventional values, where individuals begin to evaluate their actions based on accepted social values. In this stage, the individual feels obligated to society and its customs and traditions.
As for the third level, it relates to understanding universal ethical values and principles that transcend social customs. Here, individuals attempt to classify matters based on justice, equality, and human rights, reflecting a deep evolution in moral thinking. For example, someone may fight for the rights of a certain group, even if this contradicts prevailing societal values.
By studying these stages, we can understand how moral thinking develops in individuals and how various life experiences can influence this development. Kohlberg used his analysis to study different cultures and age groups, significantly shaping our understanding of moral development in society.
Education
Accounting and Labor Market Predictions
Accounting education is considered one of the essential elements in developing the skills required in the labor market. Recent studies by researchers such as Akbulayev, Muhammadov, and Shahbazli examined how accounting curricula in universities are adapting to market needs. The results indicate that there is a gap between traditional accounting education and the demands of actual work. Therefore, educational institutions need to intensify efforts to meet industry needs by updating academic programs.
The market requires workers who not only possess theoretical knowledge but also practical experience. In this context, accounting education should include practical applications and training in using modern accounting software. For example, educational modules related to cash management and cash flow forecasting, which are vital skills for professionals in the financial sector, can be added.
Furthermore, accounting education should include the development of soft skills such as communication and negotiation, as these skills play a crucial role in accountants’ success in the workplace. Universities are offering training programs that enhance the effectiveness of accounting education and help students adapt to real work requirements.
Based on this, updating and developing accounting education is an urgent necessity to ensure proper qualification for graduates so that they can face market challenges and enhance their employment opportunities.
Social Skills and Emotional Learning
In a world characterized by constant change, social skills and emotional learning are an important part of personal and professional development. Various studies, including those published by Miller and colleagues, have highlighted the significance of emotional learning in enhancing academic and psychological success. Social skills, such as collaboration and effective communication, lead to improved personal relationships and increased performance in work environments.
Emotional learning is an educational process focused on understanding one’s own feelings and those of others, enabling individuals to cope with stress and challenges more effectively. Emotional learning includes developing the ability to empathize, resolve conflicts, and make sound decisions. For example, a student can learn to recognize their feelings regarding a particular failure and use that experience to enhance their personal resilience.
Moreover, research shows that learning environments encouraging emotional and social skills have a positive impact on developing social and human values among students. Enhancing emotional learning is part of educational strategies that include group activities and interactive lessons, where students learn how to work together and achieve common goals.
Additionally, emotional learning is a fundamental part of preparing individuals for success in the workplace. In work environments where teams interact with one another, the ability to communicate effectively and manage emotions is crucial. By enhancing social skills and emotional learning, we are developing a generation capable of innovation and collaboration in a rapidly changing world.
Importance of Social and Emotional Skills
Social and emotional skills play a vital role in the positive development of youth in an era where challenges are increasingly complex. These skills go beyond the ability to communicate effectively with others; they also include self-awareness and proper emotion management. Youth who possess strong social and emotional skills can interact effectively with their peers and constructively process their feelings, contributing to enhancing their mental health and social relationships.
When youth have the ability to recognize and express their feelings, their self-esteem improves, leading to positive outcomes in their daily lives, including better academic performance and optimal coping with stresses. Numerous studies indicate that positive socialization enhances young people’s ability to find innovative solutions to challenges, contributing to the formation of their strong and independent personalities.
For example, recent research shows that students participating in specialized programs to develop social and emotional skills exhibit a noticeable improvement in their interactions with peers and teachers, as well as an increase in their ability to handle difficulties and obstacles in daily life. These skills are also closely related to the ability to build healthy relationships during adolescence, which is critical in shaping youth personalities.
Impact
Vocational Education in Skills Development
Vocational education is a key factor in developing the skills necessary for integration into the job market. In Portugal, vocational schools have become an important option for secondary education, offering educational models that combine theory and practical application. Vocational education focuses on providing students with the technical and scientific knowledge required for specific fields, thereby increasing their chances of obtaining qualified jobs.
Vocational schools represent a solution to many challenges facing youth, such as high dropout rates. The study addressing the SER program highlights how vocational schools are used as a means to reduce dropout rates and enhance students’ skills through partnerships with local businesses. Students gain practical training opportunities that contribute to honing their practical skills and enhancing their ability to meet the demands of actual work.
For example, a report on vocational schools in Portugal shows that students who receive real training experiences through partnerships with industry often have better social and emotional skills compared to their peers. They learn how to communicate in workplace environments, a sensitive skill that is becoming increasingly valuable in the modern job market. Additionally, students gain self-confidence when they see the fruits of their efforts during training, which in turn contributes to improving their self-perception.
Analyzing Student Skills in the SER Project
The SER project aims to evaluate the effectiveness of educational programs by analyzing the skill portfolios of students in three vocational schools in Portugal. This project documents the skills acquired by students during their educational journey and advocates for the development of skills that need improvement. It relies on performance in a range of social and emotional skills, including collaboration, communication, adaptability, and problem-solving ability.
The importance of such projects lies in preparing youth to face life’s challenges. In the face of rapid changes and technological advancement, young people need tools and resources that help them succeed. Therefore, the results of the SER project are a means to understand how vocational education can be blended with essential life skills. This investigation aims to identify gaps and successes in how these skills are developed through targeted programs.
By conducting surveys and interviews with students and teachers, researchers were able to analyze the data and draw conclusions that will inform the development of new programs. The results showed that most students who participated in practical training experienced significant improvements in their emotional and social skills, reflecting the positive impact of the program on their academic and future professional lives.
The Relationship Between Self-Concept and Positive Youth Development
Levels of self-perception significantly affect related factors, from self-esteem to career aspirations. Self-concept is a vital part of an individual’s personality, playing an important role in shaping identities and outlook on the future. Understanding how youth perceive themselves can provide deep insights into how to support their positive development.
Studies indicate that adolescents with a positive self-image tend to develop higher self-confidence and greater life satisfaction, leading to better opportunities in education and the job market. Research also suggests that adolescents who face challenges in self-esteem often struggle with social interaction and difficulty achieving career goals.
Educational programs focusing on enhancing self-concept are an essential part of any developmental strategy aimed at improving the quality of life for youth. When young people can cultivate a positive self-image, they gain the ability to interact with others and contribute effectively to their communities. Promoting self-concept should also be considered a part of modern educational curricula to prepare them to face future challenges.
Programs
The Portuguese Government and Its Impact on Student Development
The Portuguese government’s educational programs aim to implement initiatives that contribute to student development, enhancing their formation as aware and creative individuals committed to participation and communication. This program serves as a first step to assess the alignment of student profiles with the profiles of the schools they attend, helping to measure the impact of educational transformations in three different schools. Through this assessment, a evaluation model can be built to support the improvement of these schools and assist in envisioning future strategies. Achieving this connection between the study goals and educational personas is an essential part of the educational system in Portugal, which seeks to develop inclusivity in the diverse skills of students.
Different School Profiles and Their Impact on Students
The three schools deal with different educational systems, each striving to achieve specific goals in developing their students. For example, the first school revolves around developing independent individuals and self-reflection, focusing on active learning and innovation. The design of the school environment reflects this goal, encouraging students to make informed decisions and actively contribute to the community. The first school goes beyond mere knowledge transfer, aiming to develop core skills that enable students to take active and aware roles in their lives.
The second school aims to develop an inclusive educational environment that focuses on the cognitive, social, and emotional aspects of students. The main goal here is to prepare students to face challenges with effective participation, enhancing the spirit of collaboration and creativity within their classrooms. Students in this school are trained to respond to changes in the labor market and to deal with sustainable social and environmental issues.
As for the third school, the focus is on developing the social, cognitive, and professional capacities of students. This school aims to cultivate a collaborative environment that enhances collective participation, where recognizing and accepting all opinions is a fundamental part of team success. The ultimate goal is to graduate committed, flexible, and creative individuals who can positively interact with various aspects of social life.
Mental Health and Social-Emotional Skills
Social and emotional skills, self-esteem, and positive youth development are interrelated elements that belong to the structure of youth growth. These skills play a pivotal role in shaping personal identity, helping to acquire a clear and positive self-image, thereby enhancing personal growth. Studies indicate that equipping youth with social skills effectively improves psychological well-being and helps them face challenges they may encounter during adolescence.
Moreover, enhancing youth self-confidence is a vital part of the developmental process. Positive self-thinking boosts their confidence in performance, helping them overcome difficulties and take calculated risks. The connection between self-esteem and academic performance is evident, as students who feel valued are more likely to actively participate in educational activities and tend to perform better in their studies. On the other hand, low self-esteem can lead to isolation and psychological difficulties, increasing the risks of academic failure and behavioral deviations that negatively affect their life paths.
Theories and Models for Positive Youth Development
Many models and theories have emerged that highlight the concept of positive development in youth, focusing on enhancing the necessary capacities and resources for them. Among these models is the “Five Cs” model – which identifies five key areas of development: competence, confidence, connection, character, and caring. This model shows how youth can be viewed through their capabilities, leading to improved quality of outcomes and reducing negative behaviors.
Additionally, the self-determination theory emphasizes the importance of fulfilling basic needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness. These elements lead youth to achieve psychological and emotional care, enhancing their participation in society. Furthermore, areas of psychological and social development are empowered to face challenges and solve problems.
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The ecological systems theory is also important for understanding how the social environment influences youth development. The study illustrates how social patterns, cultural values, and various interactive dimensions affect the development of capabilities in young people’s lives. By considering all surrounding factors, key influences that contribute to shaping their future and education can be identified. These models are essential for enhancing the overall understanding of how to nurture the pivotal environment in which these skills grow and develop, forming an integral part of personal and social development for youth.
Psychosocial Development in Youth
Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development refers to stages of development throughout the lifespan, particularly focusing on adolescence, which is considered critical for identity formation. This is manifested in the conflict between the quest for an independent identity and the struggle with social roles. According to psychologists like Kruger and Schwartz, identity formation is crucial for a successful transition into adulthood. Sid and MacLean add that this theory significantly impacts career development, as an individual’s commitment and identity demonstrate how they influence their future career choices.
For example, a teenager’s experiences can affect their career decisions; a teenager raised in an environment that supports creativity and the arts may choose to pursue fields such as design or art, while another from a background emphasizing practical values may opt for areas like engineering or medicine. All this illustrates the positive impacts that identity exploration can have on future choices.
Moral Development Theory and Its Impact on Youth
Lawrence Kohlberg’s moral development theory, established in the 1950s, relies on three levels of development, where the first level addresses understanding values and rules to avoid punishment, while the second level strives for community approval and achieving order. Ultimately, the third level emphasizes values and moral standards that may transcend traditional legal frameworks.
Kohlberg shows that ethics evolve as individuals age, but not all adults reach the highest levels of moral development. For instance, some studies indicate that individuals studying in educational environments that present moral and global issues, such as human rights, tend to develop higher levels of moral reasoning, which reflects in their behaviors and life attitudes. This serves as evidence of the importance of education in shaping moral development in youth.
Multiple Intelligences Theory and Diverse Educational Approaches
Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences theory highlights the diversity in individual abilities, emphasizing that intelligences are not fixed but interact with environmental conditions. Gardner began with a theory based on seven intelligences and then expanded it to include three additional intelligences.
For example, musical intelligence demonstrates the significance of alternative learning through the integration of creativity and music into curricula. Additionally, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is essential in enhancing hands-on learning, enabling students to acquire life skills through movement and physical interaction. Recognizing this diversity encourages teachers to incorporate various teaching methods that accommodate different student needs.
The Social Skills Model and Its Impact on Youth Development
The social skills model emerged in England in the 1970s, focusing on the importance of social and emotional skills for positive youth development. Research supports this approach, showing that the ability to communicate, solve problems, and empathize is essential for youth to succeed academically, professionally, and personally.
The impact of social skills is evident in improving life experiences. For instance, students with high emotional skills are more capable of interacting positively with their peers, leading to the development of strong and lasting relationships. Moreover, promoting social and emotional education is considered an effective strategy to address mental health needs and help enhance educational success.
Development
Cognitive Ability and Its Impact on Youth
The developmental theory of cognition by Piaget, published in the 1970s, illustrates how active learning and interaction with the surrounding environment affect the development of logical and complex thinking. Although it primarily focuses on childhood, it has clear implications for the development of youth as well.
The transition to formal thinking enables adolescents to address complex issues, such as ethical, social, and personal dilemmas, in a more sophisticated manner. Complex cognition is a vital tool for youth when facing life’s challenges, and this theory aids in promoting data-driven decision-making and fostering critical thinking among young people.
Curricular Independence and Flexibility
Curricular independence and flexibility are pivotal points in contemporary educational reforms. The concept of independence refers to the ability of schools and teachers to adapt curricula to meet the needs of students and the local context. This helps integrate topics that align with students’ interests and restructure teaching methods to encompass various learning styles.
Furthermore, curricular flexibility is associated with the ability to adapt to ongoing changes in society, such as technological advancements and labor market demands. Organizing content and creating diverse learning pathways enhances access to multidisciplinary educational methods, which are elements that help students prepare for an uncertain and dynamic future.
Social and Emotional Competencies
Social and emotional competencies are essential for success in various areas including education, work, and personal life. Research has shown that high levels of these competencies are linked to improved mental health, better academic performance, and positive social interactions. By using specific measures, researchers and educators can assess key areas of emotional and social development, enabling them to implement interventions aimed at enhancing these competencies in diverse populations.
Measurements rely on gathering items, where higher values indicate greater development in the assessed competencies. In a study validating these measures, Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranged from 0.67 to 0.87, indicating an acceptable level of internal consistency. Through these measurements, schools and academic research can understand how to support students in developing their social and emotional skills.
Self-Esteem in Children
The Piers-Harris Self-Esteem Scale is a validated tool for measuring self-concept in children and adolescents. This scale consists of 60 items that assess various dimensions of self-concept, providing a comprehensive evaluation of young people’s views of themselves across diverse life areas. Participants can respond to each item using a Likert scale from 1 (Strongly Agree) to 5 (Strongly Disagree).
The first dimension, “behavior,” assesses the child’s perception of their behavior, especially in structured environments like school. For instance, the question “I behave well in school” helps evaluate the child’s perception of expected behaviors in academic contexts. Positive perceptions may contribute to enhancing academic and social outcomes, while negative perceptions may be associated with behavioral issues and low self-esteem.
The other dimensions discuss anxiety, emotional state, popularity, and physical appearance, illustrating how these factors affect the child’s self-esteem. For example, high levels of anxiety, such as feelings of fear, may hinder the child’s positive self-perception, leading to problems with self-confidence. Additionally, children’s perceptions of their emotional relationships and social status affect their self-esteem, with positive feelings tending to enhance psychological well-being.
Positive Youth Development
The Positive Youth Development Scale is a tool that reflects the core developmental traits of adolescents. It consists of 34 items that assess five key dimensions: competence, confidence, connection, character, and caring. Each of these dimensions provides a comprehensive view of positive youth growth by capturing social, emotional, and moral aspects.
The dimension
the other hand, School 2 showed lower averages in self-management and social awareness, indicating potential challenges faced by students in these areas. This might suggest that they require additional support to enhance their emotional regulation and teamwork skills, fostering a more cooperative learning environment.
School 3’s results were mixed; while students excelled in self-esteem and interpersonal relationships, their decision-making scores were relatively lower. This highlights the importance of encouraging critical thinking and problem-solving abilities alongside fostering positive self-worth.
Overall, the findings suggest that each school presents unique strengths and areas for improvement, emphasizing the need for tailored interventions that cater to the specific needs of the student population in each institution.
Another party, School 2 did not stand out with specific dimensions, but it showed positive averages across all studied dimensions. These results reflect that the students of this school possess a good self-perception and have the ability to communicate with their peers and teachers. Their belief in their abilities and their capability to use constructive criticism to improve weaknesses indicates a high level of social awareness and the ability to cooperate. In contrast, School 3 showed the best performance in the dimensions of self-concept, self-esteem, and cooperation, indicating a high level of confidence and self-pride among the students. This dynamic reflects how these students engage with challenges through effective communication and maintaining healthy relationships.
Moreover, the analyses showed statistically significant differences in decision-making and interpersonal relationships based on the school, where the differences were evident between School 1 and School 2 in the area of decision-making, as well as between School 1 and School 3 in interpersonal relationships.
Profile of Vocational School Students
This study aims to analyze the profile of students in the three vocational schools through multiple correspondence analysis (MCA), providing a deeper understanding of the social and emotional traits of students. Through these analyses, the dimensions were classified into low, medium, and high categories to make the data more readable. The analyses noted that each school is characterized by a different profile of social and emotional competencies.
School 1 was distinguished by high levels of social awareness and cooperation, reflecting the responsible and conscious approach of these students toward the needs of others and society in general. In this school, social responsibility is an integral part of student development, making them a strong voice for social justice and human rights. These results are consistent with Bronfenbrenner’s ecological environment theory, which emphasizes the importance of the educational environment in shaping students’ skills.
As for School 2, it showed medium levels of cooperation and social awareness, reflecting students who adhere to rules and emphasize the importance of a harmonious and conflict-free educational environment. This commitment can be beneficial in building healthy relationships between students and teachers, enhancing a pleasant educational atmosphere.
School 3 exhibited exceptional qualities in interpersonal relationships and self-esteem, as it encourages its students to engage in school activities and promote teamwork. These students have the ability to positively influence others, reflecting a successful educational experience that supports their emotional and social development.
Discussion on the Effectiveness of the Educational Program
The results indicate that the implementation of the Social and Emotional Skills (SER Project) has multiple impacts on developing social and emotional skills in the three schools. Although the program was implemented concurrently, School 3 achieved the best results, which may be related to the types of courses offered or the students’ profile itself. These findings align with previous studies that emphasized the importance of social and emotional skills in youth development. The constructive interaction between the school environment and educational practices contributed to enhancing these competencies.
Analyses of differences between schools highlighted the importance of adapting educational interventions to meet individual needs. Theories like the Self-Determination Theory indicate the significance of providing an ideal educational environment that supports positive relationships between students and teachers, thereby enhancing emotional development. On the other hand, the study’s results also reflect how extensive data from schools can provide a comprehensive picture of dealing with social and emotional studies, leading to the development of more effective educational programs that consider different contexts.
Both school administrators and teachers can benefit from these conclusions to guide improvements in curricula, thereby enhancing the overall development of students in the areas of social and emotional skills. The students’ ability to communicate and decision-making skills remain central to developing high-quality personalities, better preparing them to face future challenges.
Competencies
Social and Emotional Competencies and Their Impact on Positive Development
Social and emotional competencies are the cornerstone of individual growth at personal and professional levels. When we talk about social competencies, we refer to the skills that enable individuals to interact effectively with others, including good communication, relationship building, and conflict management. As for emotional competencies, they pertain to the ability to recognize and understand emotions, whether concerning oneself or others, which helps in making sound decisions in daily life. These skills are currently more important than ever, as they are increasingly valued in the job market.
In this context, research points to the role of schools in promoting these competencies among students. Schools that focus on developing a collaborative and flexible learning environment tend to produce stronger competency profiles among their students. Positive interactions between students and teachers, along with promoting mutual support among peers, all contribute to building a sense of belonging and strengthening social skills. An example of this is the presence of mentoring programs that train students in leadership and conflict resolution skills, helping them face future challenges more effectively.
Furthermore, it is essential for schools to be flexible in their curricula to suit students’ characteristics and individual needs. Every student has certain strengths and weaknesses that require diverse teaching strategies. By developing innovative teaching methods, schools can enhance the effectiveness of this learning and encourage students to interact positively with their peers and the school as a whole.
Teaching Strategies and Enhancing Competencies
Enhancing social and emotional competencies requires multi-level teaching strategies. Some of these strategies include project-based learning, which allows students to work together to solve real problems, thereby fostering a spirit of cooperation and reinforcing social values. For example, when students collaborate in organizing a charity event, they can utilize their social skills in planning, coordinating, and achieving common goals.
Schools also use modern technology as a focal point to enhance these competencies. Educational applications that encourage teamwork and support among classmates can be effective tools for developing social skills. Nevertheless, it is important that the excessive use of technology is balanced with face-to-face personal interactions, which are essential for building healthy social relationships.
Carrying out periodic assessments of the development of these competencies in students is crucial. These assessments allow stakeholders, including teachers and parents, to understand the success of educational programs in enhancing overall behavioral and psychological skills. Consequently, there is a need to adjust the educational program to align with the results of these assessments.
The Future Impact of Social and Emotional Competencies
Studies show that social and emotional competencies play an important role not only in academic life but also have direct effects on professional life. Skills such as decision-making, self-confidence enhancement, and social awareness become essential in any work field. Students who possess these competencies are better able to adapt to different work environments, contributing to higher employment rates and success in their professional careers.
For example, companies like Google and Microsoft consider social and emotional competencies when evaluating candidates. Instead of solely focusing on technical qualifications, these companies look for individuals who can work effectively with their teams and contribute to building a positive work culture. Therefore, the competencies acquired in schools remain fundamental qualifications that shape students’ futures.
By implementing educational models that promote the enhancement of these aspects, schools can play a pivotal role in shaping capable and leadership-oriented individuals who provide added value to the institutions they work for. Education should not merely be about receiving information, but it must contribute to preparing individuals who can handle future challenges efficiently and effectively.
Determinants
Research and Future Perspectives
While the study achieved positive results, there are limitations that affect the generalizability of the findings. The focus was solely on three schools within a private educational group, which may limit the applicability of the results on a wider scale. Additionally, assessment techniques based on self-reports were used, which could be influenced by the personal biases of the participants.
Therefore, future studies recommend expanding this research to include other schools and regions, as well as exploring the use of innovative assessment methodologies such as direct observation and interviews to gain a deeper understanding of competencies. Such studies could help understand the evolution of competencies over time through long-term studies.
It is also necessary to study how the school environment and modern technology tools affect the development of these competencies. In a rapidly changing world, social and emotional skills become vital for the academic and professional success of youth, significantly affecting their ability to interact, make decisions, and manage emotions. This type of research is crucial in evaluating the effectiveness of projects like the SER project, which aims to promote autonomy and methodological flexibility, and its impact on the development of social and emotional skills. Data derived from such studies will be vital for improving educational policies and adjusting curricula to align with students’ needs.
Moral and Intellectual Growth Models
Moral and intellectual growth models are critical for understanding individual development, especially during childhood and adolescence. Various theories, such as Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, discuss how values and ethical principles evolve in individuals. According to Kohlberg, individuals go through specific stages of moral development, starting from the pre-conventional stage where values are defined by punishments and rewards, and advancing to higher stages where ethics are viewed as universal values that can be applied across different cultures.
This type of growth is particularly important in educational curricula, where moral and social values can be reinforced by adopting flexible educational approaches that promote critical thinking and decision-making skills. For example, schools can integrate experiential learning activities, where students have the opportunity to make ethical decisions in real contexts, thereby deepening their educational experience and developing their moral identity.
Furthermore, theories like Piaget’s cognitive development theory provide a model for understanding how cognitive thinking evolves in individuals. Research indicates that the stages of cognitive thinking in children are formed gradually through their interactions with the environment. This knowledge can be used for the systematic development of educational content to be more tailored to students’ needs.
Self-Development and Psychological Resilience
Psychological resilience is one of the fundamental aspects that affects how individuals cope with life’s pressures and challenges. Research indicates that a person’s self-development plays a significant role in enhancing this resilience. This is manifested in individuals’ ability to adapt to negative situations and benefit from difficult experiences to improve their life and emotional skills. The concept of resilience is one of the important topics in educational psychology, where the focus is on developing skills such as problem-solving and positive thinking to achieve psychological balance.
Research suggests that self-awareness and self-esteem have strong effects on levels of psychological resilience. Individuals with a good awareness of themselves and their abilities are better able to face challenges, while others may suffer from anxiety and depression when confronting challenges. This highlights the importance of educational programs that focus on developing self-awareness and self-esteem skills among students.
Workshops and systematic training courses on life skills, such as training in social and emotional skills, are highly beneficial in enhancing individuals’ resilience. Such programs can contribute to improving adaptability and increasing academic success. For instance, the Development Research Institute has developed evidence-based programs to enhance emotional and social education, which has positively reflected on students’ performance and overall mood.
Importance
Identity and Career Orientation in Youth Stages
Individual identity transitions from a fixed entity to a dynamic concept during adolescence and youth phases. The adolescent period is a crucial time for forming identity and career orientation. During this phase, individuals begin to explore their future options, often influenced by the social and academic goals they adopt. Erikson’s hypotheses about identity development highlight the importance of social experiences and social roles in shaping identity, reinforcing the idea that individuals need to explore their social identity and community connections to develop a clear career orientation.
Additionally, many studies indicate that identity related to personal achievements is significantly linked to career orientation, enriching actual desires and interests. For example, a young person who feels skilled in a certain field, such as technology or arts, tends to pursue a career path that aligns with their skills and aspirations.
Achievement of identity is closely related to educational and occupational opportunities that allow students to explore their interests. Early career counseling and programs that promote critical thinking and individual growth are strong motivators that help students build their identity and choose a suitable career path. Moreover, there is increasing recognition that identity develops through life experiences and interactions with others, assisting individuals in growing and evolving throughout their life journey.
Source link: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2024.1484872/full
Artificial intelligence was utilized ezycontent
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